Prevalence and correlates of herbal medicine use among type 2 diabetic patients in Teaching Hospital in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic devastating disease. Despite the recent advances in care and management, still precipitates considerable morbidity and long term complications [1]. It’s a progressing chronic illness with anticipated global prevalence of more than 3 million by the year 2030 [2]. In Ethiopia, the number of patients living with diabetes is increasing alarmingly with a national prevalence near to be 6.5% [3]. Although insulin therapy is considered to be the corner stone in managing DM, treating diabetes remained as a challenge requiring considerable commitment to a life-long regimen imposed by the disease. Due to the chronicity of the disease and the need for life long therapy, several DM patients look for other alternative managements like using traditional herbal remedies [4‐12].

According to World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medicine is defined as “health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses and maintain well-being” [13]. Among the traditional medicine practices, the use of herbal medicines is the most popular and used by the general population and patients with chronic illnesses such as DM [14]. Patients with diabetes may prefer to use herbal remedies over modern medicine for a number of reasons including; dissatisfaction with the conventional treatment, treatment related adverse effects and the perceived suitability of herbal remedies with patients’ values and spiritual beliefs [8, 10, 12]. Recent literature reviews showed that prevalence of herbal remedies usage and other complementary therapies among DM patients varied immensely across different countries ranging from 15 to 75% [4].

In Ethiopia, the use of traditional herbal medicine has not been only common rather it’s also culturally acknowledged [15]. Nevertheless, the use of traditional herbal medicine in the general population and patients with chronic medical conditions like cancer and hypertension was well studied across different regions of Ethiopia [15‐17], literatures on the prevalence and correlates of herbal medicine use among Ethiopian diabetes patients is lacking. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with herbal medicine use among T2DM patients who attended the diabetes illness follow-up care clinic of UOGCSH, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Out of 408 T2DM patients assumed for study participation, 387 completed the survey resulting in a 94.8% response rate. More than half of the patients (57.4%) were female with a mean age of 52.5 ± 12.6 years. Majority of the respondents were Orthodox Christians (54%) and married (68%). The socio-demographic and disease characteristics of study participants are summarized in Table 1.

Around 240 (62%) respondents claimed as they used traditional herbal medicine while 147 (38%) were found to be non-users. The most commonly used herbal preparations were Garlic (Allium sativum L.) (41.7%), Giesilla (Caylusea abyssinica (fresen.) (39.6%), Tinjute (Otostegia integrifolia Benth) (27.2%) and Kosso (Hagenia abyssinicaa) (26.9%). Plant-based traditional medicines relevant for the treatment and management of diabetes among respondents are summarized in Table 2. Table 3 describes the characteristics of herbal medicine use among respondents.

According to the current study, families and friends (51.9%) were the frontline sources of information about herbal medicine followed by other DM patients who used herbal medicines (28.9%) (Fig. 1). Dissatisfaction with the modern therapy (28.9%) and beliefs in merits of herbal medicines (25.1%) were the key reasons for herbal medicine use, while afraid of side effect (40%) and lack of belief in the benefits of herbal medicines (23%) were reported to be the major reasons for not using herbal medicines among non-users. Large proportions (87.1%) of herbal medicine users did not inform their use with health care providers due to anticipation of negative reply towards herbal medicine use (65.8%). Details of characteristics of herbal medicine use is presented in Table 3.

As to the analysis performed, statistically significant differences in marital status, educational status, average monthly income, presence of DM complications, family history of DM and duration of DM were found between herbal medicine users and non-users (Table 1). Variables that were significantly associated with herbal medicine use in the bivariate analysis were further examined in multivariate regression. Accordingly, educational status, presence of DM complications, a family history and duration of DM remained to be significant in the multivariate analysis. The odds of herbal medicine use in patients with tertiary education were 1.72 times higher compared to patients with primary or lower education. The odds of herbal medicine use among patients with > 6 years duration of T2DM were 1.51 times higher compared to patients with < 6 years duration of T2DM. The odds of herbal medicine use among patients who develop DM complications were 1.45 times higher than in patients without DM complications and the odds of herbal medicine use among patients with a positive family history of the disease were 3.12 times higher than in patients without family history of the disease (Table 1).

Herbal medicine use is becoming a common practice both in developed and developing countries [5‐12, 18, 19]. Patients with T2DM are increasingly using herbal remedies due to the resistance in sticking to the conventional therapies. In many Sub Saharan countries including Ethiopia, herbal medicine use is amplified by the presence of several traditional medicine practitioners. With this, the present study aimed at exploring the prevalence and correlates of herbal medicine use among T2DM patients who visited the diabetes illness follow-up care clinic of UOGCSH, Ethiopia.

According to the finding of present study, 62% of respondents used traditional herbal medicine. This result concurs with the study done in Tanzania [20]. The use of traditional herbal based medicine in Africa has been largely linked with cultural beliefs and advices from family as well as friends [21]. Patients usually use herbal remedies along with biomedical knowledge to improve the perceived value of their treatments [21]. The elevated prevalence of traditional herbal medicine use in our study can also be partially explained by the fact that Ethiopia is gifted with a rich and diverse flora that comprised a foundation for primary health care [22].

The traditional herbs recognized in this study are composed of numerous pharmacologically active compounds showing a variety of therapeutic effects. The most commonly claimed indications among T2DM patients include hypoglycemic and lipid lowering effect, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, majority of herbs reported including Hagenia abyssinica [23], Aloe vera [24], Clausean anistaa [25], Otostegia integrifolia Benth [26] and Caylusea abyssinica [27] also had well-documented direct hypoglycemic effects or indirectly affecting glucose metabolism. Even though herbal products are shown to be effective in reducing the blood pressure [28], they contain toxic substances which could affect the health of the patient and render the conventional drugs ineffective. Despite their pertinent pharmacologic effects, majority of the identified herbs in this study also exhibit many untoward effects. For instance, Clausena anisataa (commonly known as Limche in Ethiopia) has tremendous potentially advantageous pharmacologic effects for T2DM patients including a hypoglycemic effect via inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) [29]. However, it is also found to be linked with inhibition of reverse transcriptase inhibitors which have been used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS [30]. Similarly, Aloe vera, which is traditionally used for the treatment of burns and minor skin disorders, could end up with acute hepato-renal toxicity if ingested in huge amounts. Garlic, another important medicinal plant used by T2DM patients in our study, appears to exert numerous therapeutic effects through a number of mechanisms including inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and platelet aggregation, increasing fibrinolytic activity, protecting against hematotoxins and stimulating insulin secretion. However, it has also been associated with serious allergic reactions, alterations in the menstrual cycle, nausea; sweating, hypoglycemia and interact with medicines such as HIV protease inhibitors (eg, saquinavir) [31, 32].

Hence, through understanding these important effects of herbs and promoting evidence-based discussions with patients, both conventional health care providers and local traditional medical practitioners may be capable ofIn our study, family members providing health care to T2DM patients in a more successful and patient-centered approach.

In multivariate analysis; higher educational status, a family history of DM, duration of T2DM and presence of DM complications were identified as a strong predictors of herbal medicine use. This finding supports a previous research outputs which reported an association of herbal medicine use with longer duration of diabetes and the presence of DM complications [4, 33]. Educational status was also shown to be the strong predictor of herbal medicine use which confirms the results of previous studies [10]. Patients with a higher educational status may be more likely to explore for other therapies and ways to muddle through with their disease state and treatment effects [34].

In our study, family members, friends and relatives were the common sources of information about herbal medicine. In contrast, medical practitioners were the least information source for herbal medicine use. Similar findings has been reported among other group of patients with chronic conditions in Ethiopia including cancer and hypertension, where the most prominent sources of information for herbal medicine and other types of complementary therapies were outside the medical scheme and included families, relatives and friends [16, 17]. To prevent the possible harm following herbal medicines use, health care professionals should emphasize safety issues to diabetes patients and make an effort to endow them with evidence-based information. Herbal medicine users in our study also rarely unveil their use to health care professionals [10], this is a burning issue which seeks particular attention. The major reason cited for not discussing with the doctor was due to forestalling negative response about herbal medicine use. This could be attributed to the fact that the general negative attitude of doctors to herbal medicine and their prominence on scientific evidence may discourage patients from sharing information about their herbal medicine use. The lack of communication between the health care provider and herbal medicine users may have a detrimental effect on patient health status as a result of toxic effect of herbs and their adverse interactions with the conventional treatments. They may also interfere negatively with glycemic control and cause untoward effects and additional complications [35].

The present study revealed a high rate of herbal medicine use along with a very low rate of disclosure to the health care providers. Commonly used herbs among T2DM patients were Garlic (Allium sativum L.), Giesilla (Caylusea abyssinica (fresen.), Tinjute (Otostegia integrifolia Benth), and Kosso (Hagenia abyssinicaa). Patients mainly depend on families and friends as a source of information about herbal medicines. From the stand point of high prevalence and low disclosure rate, health care providers should often consult patients regarding herbal medicine use. Furthermore, the commonly used herbal preparations should also be further studied to confirm their efficacy and safety.