Introduction
Methods
Study design and search strategy
Study selection
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
---|---|
Peer-reviewed publications | Reviews and editorials |
Published in English language | Case reports and case series with less than 30 participants |
Primary studies published since the year 2000 | |
Population is adolescents (10–19 years) |
Outcome measure
Quality assessment and risk of bias
Data extraction and analysis
Results
Search results
Overview of included studies
QATSDD/Study | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | Total score | % | Grade |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Wado et al, 2019 [21] | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | N/A | 3 | 3 | N/A | 0 | 3 | 32/42 | 76.2 | Good |
2. Blystad et al, 2020 [20] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | N/A | N/A | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 23/42 | 54.7 | Good |
3. Svanemyr, 2019 [23] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | N/A | N/A | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 29/42 | 69.0 | Good |
4. Munakampe et al, 2021 [22] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | N/A | 3 | 3 | N/A | 0 | 3 | 28/42 | 66.7 | Good |
5. Menon et al, 2018 [24] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 27/48 | 56.3 | Good |
6. Austrian et al, 2019 [25] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 31/48 | 64.6 | Good |
Prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Zambia
Background characteristic | Year | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992 | 1996 | 2002 | 2007 | 2014 | 2018 | |
Age | ||||||
15 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 4.9 | 6.4 |
16 | 14.7 | 15.3 | 15.0 | 16.2 | 11.9 | 15.1 |
17 | 29.9 | 28.3 | 33.8 | 28.7 | 25.7 | 30.0 |
18 | 54.3 | 46.1 | 44.2 | 41.0 | 41.7 | 41.9 |
19 | 65.6 | 59.4 | 56.9 | 54.6 | 58.9 | 52.9 |
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 28.5 | 26.6 | 27.1 | 20.4 | 20.0 | 19.3 |
Rural | 40.0 | 34.4 | 34.9 | 35.0 | 36.4 | 37.0 |
Province | ||||||
Central | 39.8 | 32.3 | 32.3 | 29.3 | 29.9 | 30.6 |
Copperbelt | 28.0 | 29.9 | 26.4 | 20.1 | 16.3 | 21.0 |
Eastern | 43.7 | 35.0 | 35.4 | 29.7 | 35.4 | 39.5 |
Luapula | 36.1 | 22.6 | 36.5 | 32.1 | 27.9 | 29.0 |
Lusaka | 30.5 | 28.6 | 28.9 | 20.8 | 23.8 | 14.9 |
Muchinga | - | - | - | - | 29.6 | 29.3 |
Northern | 36.7 | 31.4 | 30.6 | 26.6 | 30.0 | 25.9 |
North Western | 31.9 | 38.0 | 33.3 | 37.3 | 41.0 | 35.7 |
Southern | 34.4 | 33.5 | 31.9 | 35.9 | 36.0 | 42.5 |
Western | 36.4 | 32.7 | 39.7 | 43.6 | 40.4 | 41.2 |
Education | ||||||
None | 45.4 | 48.1 | 45.6 | 54.3 | 53.2 | 41.9 |
Primary | 36.5 | 33.1 | 35.7 | 32.9 | 35.9 | 36.3 |
Secondary | 21.2 | 21.1 | 21.4 | 20.8 | 23.1 | 22.8 |
Total | 33.8 | 30.7 | 31.6 | 27.9 | 28.5 | 29.2 |
Factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in Zambia
Authors, Year | Aim | Study design | Study Site | Sample size | Population | Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual Factors | ||||||
Wado et al. 2019 [21] | Identify contextual factors that influencing adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood in five East African countries | Cross-sectional Secondary analysis | East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia) | 21,925 (3675 Zambia) | Adolescent girls (15–19 years) | Age (16 years(OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.05–2.53), 17 years(OR = 3.53, 95%CI = 2.28–5.47), 18(OR = 6.55, 95%CI = 4.27–10.05), 19 years(OR = 16.56, 95%CI = 10.52–26.07)), Age at first sex (No sex (OR = 0.22, 95%CI = 0.14–0.34), 5–14 (OR = 4.01, 95%CI = 2.51–6.63), 15–17 (OR = 3.21, 95%CI = 2.13–4.96)), Exposure to media (two of 3 sources(OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.43–0.80), all three sources (OR = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.28–0.67)), |
Svanemyr 2019 [23] | Explore how gendered sexual norms make young unmarried girls vulnerable to unintended pregnancies in a specific context | Qualitative | Southern province | 73 | Youth (13–20 years) | Lack of resources, Insufficient knowledge about sexuality and reproduction |
Munakampe et al. 2021 [22] | Determine factors affecting the fertility of adolescents aged 15–19 years in Zambia and possible drivers of adolescent fertility | Cross-sectional Secondary analysis | Zambia DHS | 3666 | Adolescent girls (15–19 years) | Age (16 years (OR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.3–4.2), 17 years (OR = 6.4, 95%CI = 3.6–11.5), 18 years (OR = 15., 95%CI = 8.9–27.1), 19 years (OR = 29.1, 95%CI = 16.9–50.1), Knowledge of contraception (Knows (OR = 5.4, 95%CI = 1.9–15.6), Contraceptive use (use at least one method (OR = 14.4, 95%CI = 9.2–22.4)) |
Menon et al. 2018 [24] | Explore factors in the social and cultural environment shaping young people’s sexual behaviour, with specific attention to teenage pregnancy and child marriage in Eastern Zambia | Exploratory mixed method | Eastern Province (Petauke, Chadiza, Katete districts) | 1434 | Youth (15–24 years) | Early/child marriage, early sexual debut, Limited knowledge and use of contraceptives |
Austrian et al. 2019 [25] | Explore transactional sex as a driver of adolescent pregnancy | Mixed method | Lusaka, Central, Copperbelt, and North-Western Provinces | 5331 | Adolescent girls (10–19 years) | Transactional sex, Multiple sexual partners, Unprotected sex |
Socio-Economic | ||||||
Svanemyr 2019 [23] | Explore how gendered sexual norms make young unmarried girls vulnerable to unintended pregnancies in a specific context | Qualitative | Southern province | 73 | Youth (13–20 years) | Poverty, Low education level, Peer pressure |
Wado et al. 2019 [21] | Identify contextual factors that influencing adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood in five East African countries | Cross-sectional Secondary analysis | East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia) | 21,925 (3675 Zambia) | Adolescent girls (15–19 years) | Relationship to household head (spouse OR = 14.79, 95%CI = 11.55–8.63)), Education (Secondary and above (OR = ,0.35 95%CI = 0.16–0.76)), Household wealth (Richest OR = 0.47, 95%CI = 0.26–0.83), |
Munakampe et al. 2021 [22] | Determine factors affecting the fertility of adolescents aged 15–19 years in Zambia and possible drivers of adolescent fertility | Cross-sectional Secondary analysis | Zambia DHS | 3666 | Adolescent girls (15–19 years) | Education (Junior secondary (OR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.2–0.7), Senior secondary (OR = 0.1, 95%CI = 0.0–0.2), Tertiary (OR = 0.1, 95%CI = 0.0–0.8)), Marital status (married (OR = 6.7, 95%CI = 4.9–9.2)), Household wealth (Poor (OR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.3–2.4)) |
Menon et al. 2018 [24] | Explore factors in the social and cultural environment shaping young people’s sexual behaviour, with specific attention to teenage pregnancy and child marriage in Eastern Zambia | Exploratory mixed method | Eastern Province (Petauke, Chadiza, Katete districts) | 1434 | Youth (15–24 years) | Poverty |
Blystad et al. 2020 [20] | Expand understanding on socio-cultural and structural dynamics associated with early pregnancy and school dropout | Qualitative | Southern and Central Provinces (Mazabuka, Chikankata, Monze Chibombo and Kapiri Mposhi) | 61 | Adolescents, parents, teachers, community leaders, and health workers | School dropout, Poverty |
Environmental Factors | ||||||
Svanemyr 2019 [23] | Explore how gendered sexual norms make young unmarried girls vulnerable to unintended pregnancies in a specific context | Qualitative | Southern province | 73 | Youth (13–20 years) | Norms governing contraceptive use |
Menon et al. 2018 [24] | Explore factors in the social and cultural environment shaping young people’s sexual behaviour, with specific attention to teenage pregnancy and child marriage in Eastern Zambia | Exploratory mixed method | Eastern Province (Petauke, Chadiza, Katete districts) | 1434 | Youth (15–24 years) | Socio-cultural, gender and sexual norms |
Policy Factors | ||||||
Menon et al. 2018 [24] | Explore factors in the social and cultural environment shaping young people’s sexual behaviour, with specific attention to teenage pregnancy and child marriage in Eastern Zambia | Exploratory mixed method | Eastern Province (Petauke, Chadiza, Katete districts) | 1434 | Youth (15–24 years) | Lack of access to SRH information and services |