Background
Methods
Design of study
Information sources and search strategy
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(((((("early marriage"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("spouse child"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("teenage marriage"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("adolescent marriage"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("child bride"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("forced marriage"[Title/Abstract])).
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((((((((Prevalence[Title/Abstract]) OR (Incidences[Title/Abstract])) OR ("Incidence Proportion"[Title/Abstract])) OR ((Proportion[Title/Abstract] AND Incidence[Title/Abstract]))) OR ("Cumulative Incidence"[Title/Abstract])) OR ((Incidence[Title/Abstract] AND Cumulative[Title/Abstract]))) OR ("Incidence Rate"[Title/Abstract])) OR ((Rate[Title/Abstract] AND Incidence[Title/Abstract]))).
Selection process: inclusion and exclusion criteria
Identification and selection of studies
Data extraction
Risk of bias assessment
Extraction of the prevalence of child marriage
Evaluation of trend studies
Analysis
Results
Search outcome: study design
Author/year | Country | aIncome | Type of participant | bTotal population | cGirls married | Marriage Age range | Prevalence of child marriage (%) | |
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1 | Rahman 2005 [38] | Bangladesh | Lower-middle | Adolescents aged 10–19 years | 3362 | 2256 | 16.2 ± 1.9 | 67.1 |
2 | Raj/ 2009 [72] | India | Lower-middle | Married—aged 20–24 years | 22 807 | 7730 | < 18 | 44.5 |
3 | Nasrin/ 2012 [39] | Bangladesh | Lower-middle | Married women | 609 | 510 | < 18 | 83.7 |
4 | Adams/ 2013 [40] | Nigeria | Lower-middle | Adolescents 10–19 years and parents | 397 | 17 | 16.1 ± 2.3 | 11 |
5 | A Ali 2014 [41] | Sudan | Low | Ever married women aged ≤ 35 year | 1700 | 781 | 15.4 | 45.9 |
6 | Al Ridhwany 2014 [42] | Iraq | Upper-Middle | Married women in child-bearing age having at least two living children | 1302 | 204 | 18.5 ± 4.2 | 15.7 |
7 | Asrese 2014 [43] | Ethiopia | Low-Income | Currently married or ever married | 476 | 395 | < 18 | 83 |
8 | Dharan. 2014 [44] | Nepal | Lower-Middle | Women aged 15 to 45 years | 300 | 208 | < 18 | 69.3 |
9 | Sumon 2014 [45] | Bangladesh | Lower-Middle | Married aged less than 50 year | 600 | 538 | 15–19 | 89.7 |
10 | Ghrayeb/ 2015 [46] | Palestinian | - | Rural married women | 500 | 207 | < 18 | 41.4 |
11 | Envuladu 2016 [47] | Nigeria | Lower-Middle | Secondary School Girls Within The Ages Of 10-25 years | 4013 | 74 | < 18 | 1.8 |
12 | Islam 2016 [48] | Bangladesh | Lower-Middle | Ever-married women aged 12–49 years | 17,808 | 13,837 | < 18 | 77.7 |
13 | Hamed/ 2017 [49] | Egypt | Lower-Middle | Ever-married women aged 20–60 years | 1064 | 640 | 17.86 ± 3.27 | 60.15 |
14 | Mpilambo, 2017 [66] | Congo | Low | Young women aged 15–24 years | 3481 | 2238 | 16.7 | 64.29 |
15 | Rahman 2017 [50] | Bangladesh | Lower-Middle | Married women aged 15 to 49 years | 16,830 | 12,740 | < 18 | 75.04 |
16 | Groot 2018 [67] | Ghana | Lower-Middle | Ever-married women aged 20–29 years | 1943 | 509 | < 18 | 26.19 |
17 | Pham 2018 [51] | Viet Nam | Lower-Middle | Girls from young | 424 | 55 | < 18 | 12.8 |
18 | Basazinewu/2018 [55] | Ethiopia | Low | women's of 15–50 years | 350 | 318 | < 17 | 90.85 |
19 | Rumble 2018 [70] | Indonesia | Lower-Middle | women aged 20 to 24 | 6578 | 938 | 15.82 ± 0.05 | 14.27 |
20 | Ahonsi 2019 [52] | Ghana | Lower-Middle | women aged 20–24(GDHS) | 1613 | 334 | 17.7 | 20.68 |
21 | Bezie/ 2019 [53] | Ethiopia | Low | married women aged 15–49 years | 373 | 167 | 17 ± 3.2 | 44.80 |
22 | Gashaw 2019 [54] | Ethiopia | Low | married women age 15–49 year | 9262 | 5942 | < 18 | 64.2 |
23 | Kalum 2019 [56] | Congo | Low | women of childbearing age | 5304 | 1227 | 12–18 | 23.1 |
24 | Alem/ 2020 [68] | Ethiopia | Low | all women aged from 15– 49 years | 11,646 | 7322 | < 18 | 62.87 |
25 | Chowdhury 2020 [69] | Bangladesh | Lower-Middle | - | 8,699 | 7,046 | < 18 | 80.99 |
26 | Manandhar/ 2020 [60] | Nepal | Lower-Middle | Married women age less than 50 years | 358 | 187 | 17.2 | 52.2 |
27 | Talukder 2020 [61] | Bangladesh | Lower-Middle | married women aged 15–49 | 17,883 | 10,551 | 59 | |
28 | Tekile/2020 [62] | Ethiopia | Low | all female community members | 1120 | 544 | 15 | 48.57 |
29 | Berliana 2021 [57] | Indonesia | Lower-Middle | reproductive women aged 15– 49 years | 7207 | 1009 | 15–19 | 14 |
30 | Hasanah 2021 [58] | Indonesia | Lower-Middle | married women | 1687 | 909 | < 18 | 53.9 |
31 | Roy 2021 [59] | Bengal | Lower-Middle | married women 15–49 years | 357 | 230 | < 18 | 64.42 |
32 | Aychiluhm/2021 [63] | Ethiopia | Low | All women aging 15–49 years | 2887 | 2098 | < 18 | 73 |
33 | Bengesai/2021 [64] | Zimbabwe | Lower-Middle | Ever-married women aged between 20–29 years | 2380 | 821 | 24.2 ± 2.7 | 36.8 |
34 | Masresha 2021 [65] | Ethiopia | Low | adolescent women between the ages of 15 to 19 | 597 | 232 | 17.62 ± 1.36 | 38.9 |
Risk of bias assessment
Prevalence of child marriage
Trends in child marriage
Author | Continent | Country | Year | Duration Time | Prevalence Of CM (%) | aAARR | Prevalence Of CM 2030 (%) |
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Moor/2009 [73] | Asia | India | 1992–2006 | 14 | 50–45 | -0.74 | 35.1 |
Marshan/2013 [74] | Asia | Indonesia | 2001–2010 | 9 | 18.2–13.5 | -3.31 | 10.26 |
Marashi/2017 [75] | American | United States | 1992–2013 | 21 | 1.1–0.8 | -1.49 | 0,64 |
Modak/2018 [76] | Asia | India | 2011–2016 | 5 | 31.88 -26.8 | -3.47 | 22.78 |
Biswas/2019 [77] | Asia | Bangladesh | 2004–2014 | 10 | 69–52 | -2.82 | 42.12 |
MacQuarrie/2019 [78] | Asia | Bangladesh | 1993–2011 | 18 | 41–20 | -3.58 | 11.4 |
India | 1998–2016 | 18 | 64–45 | -1.76 | 37.35 | ||
Indonesia | 1991–2012 | 21 | 50–37 | -1.41 | 29.6 | ||
Nepal | 1996–2016 | 20 | 75–55 | -1.55 | 44 | ||
Wahyudi/2019 [79] | Asia | Indonesia | 2000–2014 | 14 | 2.65–1.96 | -2.14 | 1.41 |
Kumar/2020 [81] | Asia | India | 1993–2011 | 18 | 87–77 | -0.61 | 63.91 |
Paul/2020 [82] | Asia | India | 1992–2016 | 24 | 54.2–26.8 | -2.88 | 16.34 |
Azimi/2020 [80] | Asia | Iran | 2006–2016 | 10 | 10.27–11.21 | 0.87 | 9.64 |
Scott/2021 [71] | Asia | Bangladesh | 2007–2014 | 7 | 77–69 | -1.55 | 64.17 |
Nepal | 2005–2016 | 11 | 63–52 | -1.72 | 46.28 | ||
India | 2006–2016 | 10 | 59–41 | -3.63 | 29.93 | ||
Pakistan | 2008–2018 | 10 | 50–37 | -3.01 | 25.67 | ||
Fatusi/2021 [83] | African | West Africa | 2006–2014 | 8 | 43.5 -41.5 | -0.58 | 39.84 |
Sagalova/2021 [84] | African | West And Central Africa | 1990–2010 | 20 | 37.3–24.9 | -2.02 | 16.43 |
Fan/2022 [85] | Asia | China | 2000–2010 | 10 | 2.41–2.85 | 1.67 | 2.30 |
Related factors to child marriage
Articles
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Education of Respondents
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Socio-economic status
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Residence
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Husband's education
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Religion
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Region
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Ethnicity
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Access to Media
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Parental education
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Respondent's Job
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Knowledge
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Family size
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Parent's occupation
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Parental decision making
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Consanguineous marriage
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Age of first sex
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Husband job
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Summary of Findings | Determinants | Social Ecological Level |
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Girls with lower levels of education are more vulnerable to early marriage | Education of Respondents | Individual level |
Girls who do not work are often married at a young age | Respondent's Job | |
Participants' awareness and literacy levels regarding the consequences of early marriage, pregnancy, and the legal age are related to early marriage. Awareness of these factors can be associated with a reduction in early marriage | Knowledge | |
Girls who have their first sexual experience before the age of 17 are more likely to marry at a young age | Age of first sex | |
Men with low levels of education are more likely to marry underage girls | Husband's education | Relationship level |
Men who worked as farmers and laborers were more likely to marry young girls compared to men in other occupations | Husband job | |
Parents with low education often see their daughters marrying at a young age | Parental education | |
Child marriage was more common among parents who were farmers or had jobs that required little skill | Parent's occupation | |
Child marriage is more common in large families with more than four children | Family size | |
Child marriage is more common in nuclear and extended families | Family type | |
Young girls often lack the authority to make decisions regarding their own marriage, as it is typically determined by their families | Parental decision making | |
Younger girls are more likely to marry their relatives | Consanguineous marriage | |
Low socio-economic status encompasses factors such as family income, social class, wealth index, and overall socio-economic status. If a family has a low socio-economic status, the likelihood of early marriage increases | Socio-economic status | Community level |
Girls marry more frequently in rural areas | Residence | |
The division of regions in a country can affect child marriage, for example, the north and south. Child marriage is more prevalent in underdeveloped regions | Region | |
Child marriage is more common among Kurdish, Arab, Gurma, Agew, Sundanese, Foreign/Non-Congolese, and Cuvette Central ethnicities | Ethnicity | |
Girls who lack access to media are more likely to marry at a young age compared to girls who have access to media | Access to Media | |
Child marriage is most prevalent among Muslims. This practice is also observed among Hindus, Orthodox, Protestant and non-religion | Religion | Societal level |