Background
Methods
Results
Demographic characteristics
Characteristic | Frequency n (%) n = 248 | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Users = 129 (52.02) S.E (3.17%) | Non-users = 119 (47.98) SE (3.17%) | Total = 248 (100) | ||
Age (years)
| ||||
<20
| 15 (6.05) S.E (1.51%) | 7 (2.82) S.E (1.05%) | 22 (8.87) S.E (0.57%) | P = 0.113 |
20-25
| 60 (24.2) SE (2.72%) | 37 (14.91) SE (2.26%) | 97 (39.11) SE (3.1%) | P = 0.021 |
26-30
| 30 (12.09) SE (2.07%) | 41 (16.62) SE (2.36%) | 71 (28.63) SE (2.87%) | P = 0.183 |
31-40
| 21 (8.47) SE (1.77%) | 30 (12.09) SE (2.07%) | 51 (20.56) SE (2.57%) | P = 0.206 |
>40
| 3 (1.21) SE (0.69%) | 4 (1.61) SE (0.8%) | 7 (2.82) SE (1.51%) | P = 0.714 |
Level of Education
| ||||
None
| 0 (0) | 0(0) | 0 (0) | |
Primary
| 7 (2.82) SE (1.05%) | 6 (2.42) SE (0.98%) | 13 (5.24) SE (1.41%) | P = 0.7774 |
Secondary
| 114 (46) SE (3.16%) | 99 (39.89) SE (3.11%) | 213 (85.89) SE (2.21%) | P = 0.244 |
Tertiary
| 8 (3.22) SE (1.12%) | 14 (5.65) SE (1.47%) | 22 (8.87) SE (0.57%) | P = 0.205 |
Employment
| ||||
Housewife
| 83 (33.47) SE (3.00%) | 63 (23.4) SE (2.69%) | 146 (56.87) SE (3.14%) | P = 0.094 |
Self-Employed
| 22 (8.87) SE (0.57%) | 32 (12.9) SE (2.13%) | 54 (21.77) SE (2.62%) | P = 0.193 |
Formally employed
| 13 (5.24) SE (1.41%) | 20 (8.07) SE (1.73%) | 33 (13.31) SE (2.28%) | P = 0.216 |
Student
| 11 (4.44) SE (1.31%) | 4 (1.61) SE (0.8%) | 15 (6.05) SE (1.51%) | P = 0.107 |
Parity
| ||||
1
| 58 (23.39) SE (2.69%) | 29 (11.69) SE (2.04%) | 87 (35.08) SE (3.03%) | P = 0.004 |
2
| 45 (18.15) SE (2.45%) | 45 (18.15) SE (2.45%) | 90 (36.29) SE (3.05%) | P = 1.000 |
3
| 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | 36 (14.52) SE (2.24%) | 56 (22.58) SE (2.65%) | P = 0.044 |
4
| 5 (2.02) SE (0.89%) | 7 (2.82) SE (1.05%) | 12 (4.84) SE (1.36%) | P = 0.585 |
5
| 1 (0.41) SE (0.41%) | 1 (0.41) SE (0.41%) | 2 (0.81) SE (0.57%) | P = −* |
6
| 0 (0) | 1 (0.41) SE (0.41%) | 1 (0.40) SE (0.41%) | P = −* |
Gravida
| ||||
1
| 52 (21) SE (2.59%) | 23 (9.27) SE (1.84) | 75 (30.24) SE (2.92%) | P = 0.002 |
2
| 41 (16.5) SE (2.36%) | 43 (17.34) SE (2.4%) | 84 (33.87) SE (3.00%) | P = 0.855 |
3
| 27 (10.89) SE (1.98%) | 40 (16.13) SE (2.34%) | 67 (27.02) SE (2.82%) | P = 0.108 |
4
| 8 (3.23) SE (1.12%) | 10 (4.03)SE (1.25%) | 18 (7.26) SE (1.65%) | P = 0.555 |
5
| 1 (0.41) SE (0.41%) | 1 (0.41) SE (0.41%) | 2 (0.81) SE (0.57%) | P = −* |
6
| 2 (0.81) SE (0.57%) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.81) SE (0.57%) | P = −* |
Tribe
| ||||
Zezuru
| 60 (24.19) SE (2.72%) | 55 (22.18) SE (2.64%) | 115 (46.37) SE (3.17%) | P = 0.668 |
Karanga
| 18 (7.26) SE (1.65%) | 14 (5.64) SE (1.47%) | 32 (12.90) SE (2.13%) | P = 0.558 |
Maungwe
| 12 (4.84) SE (1.36%) | 11 (4.43) SE (1.31%) | 23 (9.27) SE (1.84%) | P = 0.661 |
Manyika
| 9 (3.63) SE (1.19%) | 14 (5.64) SE (1.47%) | 23 (9.27) SE (1.84) | P = 0.303 |
Ndebele
| 5 (2.02) SE (0.89%) | 4 (1.61) SE (0.8%) | 9 (3.63) SE (1.19%) | P = 0.720 |
Korekore
| 13 (5.24) SE (1.41%) | 11 (4. 44) SE (1.31%) | 24 (9.68) SE (1.88%) | P = 0.696 |
Ndau
| 2 (0.81) SE (0.57%) | 3 (1.21) SE (0.69%) | 5 (2.02) SE (0.89%) | P = 0.661 |
Toko
| 7 (2.82) S.E (1.05%) | 4 (1.61) SE (0.8%) | 11 (4.44) SE (1.31%) | P = 0.370 |
Foreigner
| 3 (1.21) SE (0.69%) | 3 (1.21) SE (0.69%) | 6 (2.42) SE (0.98%) | P = 1.000 |
Area of Residence
| ||||
Budiriro
| 11 (4.44) SE (1.31%) | 9 (3.63) SE (1.19%) | 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.656 |
Mbare
| 15 (6.05) SE (1.51%) | 5 (2.02) SE (0.89%) | 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.046 |
Glen View
| 12 (4.84) SE (1.36%) | 8 (3.22) SE (1.12%) | 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.380 |
Hatcliffe
| 11 (4.44) SE (1.31%) | 9 (3.63) SE (1.19%) | 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.656 |
Highfield
| 24 (9.68) SE (1.88%) | 19 (7.66) SE (1.69%) | 43 (17.34) SE (2.4%) | P = 0.443 |
Kambuzuma
| 12 (4.84) SE (1.36%) | 8 (3.22) SE (1.12%) | 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.380 |
Kuwadzana
| 9 (3.63) SE (1.19%) | 11 (4.44) SE (1.31%) | 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.656 |
Mabvuku/Tafara
| 6 (2.42) SE (0.98%) | 14 (5.64) SE (1.47%) | 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.097 |
Mufakose
| 10 (4.03) SE (1.25%) | 15 (6.05) SE (1.51%) | 25 (10.08) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.327 |
Dzivarasekwa
| 6 (2.42) SE (0.98%) | 14 (5.64) SE (1.47%) | 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.097 |
Warren Park
| 13 (5.24) SE (1.41%) | 7 (2.82) S.E (1.05%) | 20 (8.06) SE (1.73%) | P = 0.199 |
Prevalence
Patterns of use
Intervention | Dosing regimen | Indication(s) |
---|---|---|
Holy water
| Drunk in 3rd trimester or throughout pregnancy in amounts which are at the patient’s discretion. | · For protection against evil spirits |
· For a safe and uneventful delivery | ||
Soil from burrowing mole
| Soil is mixed with water and the supernatant is drunk in varying amounts in the 3rd trimester | For widening of birth canal to avoid perineal tearing |
Pouzolzia mixta
(nhanzva)
| Aqueous extract of root is applied intravaginally in 3rd trimester, usually with manual exercises to dilate the birth canal. | For widening of birth canal to avoid perineal tearing |
Elephant Dung
| Dung is mixed with water and variable amounts of the supernatant are drunk during the 3rd trimester | For widening of birth canal to avoid perineal tearing |
Unknown herbs/concoctions
| Unspecified amounts are taken during the 3rd trimester or even during labour | · For widening of birth canal |
· For labour induction | ||
Manual exercises
| Performed by hand lubricated with oil, soap, warm water or Poulozozia mixta, in 3rd trimester | Dilation of birth canal to avoid tearing |
Abelmoschus esculuntus
(Okra/derere)
| Cooked and taken orally in the 3rd trimester. | · Nutrition |
· Widening of birth canal | ||
Hot water/steam baths
| Taken inconsistently during the 3rd trimester | Birth canal dilatation |
Cannabis sativum
(mbanje)
| Aqueous extract is drunk as soon as labour commences | Labour induction to speed up the labour |
Dicerocaryum zanguebarium
(ruredzo)
| Administered both orally and intravaginally in the 3rd trimester | Widening of birth canal to avoid tearing |
Castor oil
| 5 ml taken at night daily in 3rd trimester | For constipation and labour induction |
Rooibos Tea
| Taken frequently throughout the pregnancy | For widening of birth canal to avoid tearing |
Other*
| Varying methods | Widening of birth canal and labour induction |