Background
Materials and methods
Sample origin and collection
Enumeration and isolation of lactic acid bacteria
Identification of lactic acid bacteria
Antibiotic susceptibility assay
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Identification of lactic acid bacteria
Locations |
L. acidophilus
|
L. brevis
|
L. curvatus
| L. delbrueckii subsp delbrueckii |
L. fermentum
| L. paracasei subsp paracasei |
L. plantarum
| L. rhamnosus (L. casei subsp rhamnosus) |
L. salivarius
| Lc. lactis subsp lactis | Leu. lactis mesenteroides subsp mesenteroides/dextranicum |
P. damnosus
|
P. pentosaceus
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dengkil 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Dengkil 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Jenderam Hilir | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Kajang | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Serdang Jaya 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Serdang Jaya 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Seri Kembangan | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pantai Dalam | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Putrajaya | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
UPM | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Total
|
1
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
2
|
7
|
5
|
2
|
4
|
9
|
5
|
4
|
5
|
Antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria
Antibiotics | Diameter of inhibitory zone (cm) |
---|---|
Nalidixic acid
| 0.02e ± 0.02 |
Clindamycin
| 1.22b ± 0.16 |
Bacitracin
| 0.33de ± 0.07 |
Chloramphenicol
| 1.89a ± 0.17 |
Amoxycillin
| 1.93a ± 0.16 |
Gentamycin
| 0.07e ± 0.04 |
Ciprofloxacin
| 0.21de ± 0.06 |
Penicillin
| 1.99a ± 0.17 |
Sulphamethoxazole
| 0.11e ± 0.05 |
Kanamycin
| 0.05e ± 0.04 |
Tetracycline
| 0.75c ± 0.13 |
Erytromycin
| 1.17b ± 0.15 |
Ampicillin
| 1.84a ± 0.16 |
Streptomycin
| 0.05e ± 0.04 |
Vancomycin
| 0.51cd ± 0.12 |
Profile of lactic acid bacteria antibiotic resistance
Lactic acid bacteria | Sulphamethoxazole | Kanamycin | Tetracycline | Erytromycin | Ampicillin | Streptomycin | Vancomycin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. acidophilus
| 0.00a±0.00 | 0.00a±0.00 | 1.28a±0.16 | 1.22a±0.16 | 1.22a±0.16 | 0.00a±0.00 | 0.00a±0.00 |
L. brevis
| 0.00c±0.00 | 0.00c±0.00 | 0.60abc±0.08 | 1.12abc±0.15 | 2.02ab±0.26 | 0.00c±0.00 | 0.50bc±0.06 |
L. curvatus
| 0.00a±0.00 | 0.00a±0.00 | 0.00a±0.00 | 0.60a±0.08 | 1.40a±0.18 | 0.00a±0.00 | 0.52a±0.07 |
L. delbrueckii
subsp
delbrueckii
| 19.75a±2.54 | 22.00a±2.84 | 24.25a±3.13 | 26.50a±3.42 | 29.30a±3.78 | 31.00a±4.00 | 33.78a±4.36 |
L. fermentum
| 2.25a±0.29 | 2.50a±0.03 | 3.08a±39 | 3.62a±0.47 | 4.68a±0.60 | 3.50a±0.45 | 4.40a±0.57 |
L. paracasei
subsp
paracasei
| 0.00g±0.00 | 0.28fg±0.04 | 1.30cdef±0.17 | 1.88abcd±0.24 | 2.60ab±0.34 | 0.22fg±0.03 | 1.00defg±0.13 |
L. plantarum
| 0.00f±0.00 | 0.00f±0.00 | 1.80abcd±0.23 | 1.58abcd±0.20 | 2.50ab±0.32 | 0.00f±0.00 | 1.15cdef±0.15 |
L. rhamnosus (L. casei
subsp
rhamnosus)
| 20.00a±2.58 | 22.25a±2.87 | 25.15a±3.25 | 27.38a±3.53 | 30.02a±3.88 | 31.25a±4.03 | 33.50a±4.33 |
L. salivarius
| 2.25a±0.29 | 3.00a±0.39 | 2.75a±0.36 | 3.45a±0.45 | 4.22a±0.55 | 3.50a±0.45 | 4.25a±0.55 |
Lc. Lactis
subsp
lactis
| 0.25b±0.03 | 0.00b±0.00 | 0.78b±0.10 | 1.92a±0.25 | 2.35a±0.30 | 0.00b±0.00 | 0.48b±0.06 |
Leu. lactis mesenteroides
subsp
mesenteroides/ dextranicum
| 39.5a±5.10 | 44.00a±5.68 | 48.50a±6.26 | 53.65a±6.93 | 57.90a±7.48 | 62.00a±8.01 | 66.50a±8.59 |
P. damnosus
| 4.50a±0.58 | 5.00a±0.65 | 5.88a±0.76 | 6.55a±0.85 | 6.90a±0.89 | 7.00a±0.90 | 7.50a±0.97 |
P. pentosaceus
| 19.05a±2.46 | 21.00a±2.71 | 23.65a±3.05 | 26.65a±3.44 | 30.10a±3.89 | 30.00a±3.87 | 32.25a±4.16 |