Background
Methods
Design
Measurements
Refined carbohydrates consumption
Cycloplegic refraction
Statistical analyses
Results
Population description
Girls (N = 88) | Boys (N = 92) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myopica (N = 49) | Non-myopicb (N = 39) | Myopica (N = 37) | Non-myopicb (N = 55) | |||||||||
Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | |
Age (years) | 10.43 | 4.06 | 4–17 | 8.31 | 3.32 | 4–17 | 10.89 | 3.72 | 4–17 | 8.31 | 3.65 | 4–18 |
BMIc Z-score | 0.21 | 1.47 | − 3.60–3.57 | 0.22 | 0.92 | −1.27–2.03 | −0.02 | 1.50 | −5.03–2.45 | −0.03 | 1.31 | −3.38–2.45 |
Sphere right eye (D) | −2.62 | 2.57 | −8.50–1.50 | 0.94 | 0.89 | 0.00–2.75 | −3.37 | 2.78 | −12.00–0.00 | 1.01 | 0.92 | 0.00–2.75 |
Sphere left eye (D) | −2.62 | 2.91 | −10.25–2.25 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.00–2.5 | −3.21 | 2.77 | −9.75–0.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.00–2.75 |
Outdoor time (hr/day) | 2.48 | 1.40 | 0.57–6.43 | 2.63 | 1.38 | 1.28–7.14 | 2.31 | 1.22 | 0.57–5.86 | 2.89 | 1.65 | 1.00–7.14 |
Reading (hr/day) | 0.73 | 0.21 | 0.50–1.00 | 0.68 | 0.21 | 0.50–1.00 | 0.71 | 0.20 | 0.50–1.00 | 0.65 | 0.20 | 0.50–1.00 |
Screens (hr/day) | 2.63 | 0.61 | 1.00–4.00 | 2.29 | 0.48 | 1.00–3.25 | 2.78 | 0.57 | 2.00–4.00 | 2.47 | 0.53 | 0.50–3.50 |
Refined carbohydrates consumption (frequency/week) | 41.94 | 13.56 | 13.00–86.00 | 35.04 | 11.06 | 10.00–53.50 | 35.03 | 12.04 | 0.50–56.00 | 40.78 | 10.98 | 11.50–56.50 |
Age, years | Girls (N = 88) | Boys (N = 92) | All (N = 180) |
---|---|---|---|
4–6 | 26 (29%) | 31 (34%) | 57 (32%) |
7–10 | 28 (32%) | 28 (30%) | 56 (31%) |
11–18 | 34 (39%) | 33 (36%) | 67 (37%) |
All | 88 (100%) | 92 (100%) | 180 (100%) |
Vision status for both eyes | Girls (N = 88) | Boys (N = 92) | All (N = 180) |
---|---|---|---|
Myopica both eyes | 41 (46%) | 35 (38%) | 76 (42%) |
Myopic and emmetropicb | 3 (3%) | 2 (2%) | 5 (3%) |
Myopic and hypermetropicc | 6 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (3%) |
Emmetropic and hypermetropic | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 3 (2%) |
Emmetropic both eyes | 13 (15%) | 18 (20%) | 31 (17%) |
Hypermetropic both eyes | 25 (28%) | 35 (38%) | 60 (33%) |
All (myopic one or both eyes) | 49 (56%) | 37 (40%) | 86 (48%) |
All (non-myopic in both eyes) | 39 (44%) | 55 (60%) | 94 (52%) |
All | 88 | 92 | 180 |
Effects on probability of myopia
β | SE | z value | P(>|z|) | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −0.253 | 0.548 | 0.055 | 0.956 | |
Refined carbohydrates consumption (frequency/week) | 0.068 | 0.026 | 2.615 | 0.009 | 1.071 (1.017–1.127) |
Screen time (hr/day) | 0.844 | 0.488 | 1.731 | 0.083 | 2.326 (0.894–6.049) |
Reading time (hr/day) | 0.281 | 1.065 | 0.264 | 0.792 | 1.325 (0.164–10.694) |
Outdoor time (hr/day) | −0.307 | 0.161 | −1.903 | 0.057 | 0.736 (0.536–1.009) |
Mother myopia (yes/no) | 0.231 | 0.438 | 0.528 | 0.598 | 1.260 (0.534–2.975) |
Father myopia (yes/no) | −0.282 | 0.467 | −0.604 | 0.546 | 0.754 (0.301–1.885) |
Sport (yes/no) | 0.421 | 0.501 | 0.839 | 0.401 | 1.523 (0.570–4.073) |
Age (years) | 0.103 | 0.067 | 1.548 | 0.122 | 1.109 (0.973–1.263) |
Sex (boys/girls) | −1.047 | 0.430 | −2.438 | 0.015 | 0.351 (0.151–0.814) |
BMI z-scores | −0.103 | 0.160 | − 0.645 | 0.519 | 0.902 (0.658–1.235) |
Interactions | |||||
Age with screen time | 0.183 | 0.129 | 1.424 | 0.154 | 1.201 (0.933–1.547) |
Age with reading time | −0.555 | 0.283 | −1.959 | 0.050 | 0.574 (0.330–1.000) |
Sex with refined carbohydrates consumption (boys with refined carbohydrates consumption /girls with refined carbohydrates consumption) | −0.133 | 0.037 | −3.565 | 3 10−4 | 0.875 (0.814–0.942) |