Procalcitonin and lung ultrasonography point-of-care testing to decide on antibiotic prescription in patients with lower respiratory tract infection in primary care: protocol of a pragmatic cluster randomized trial
verfasst von:
Loïc Lhopitallier, Andreas Kronenberg, Jean-Yves Meuwly, Isabella Locatelli, Julie Dubois, Joachim Marti, Yolanda Mueller, Nicolas Senn, Valérie D’Acremont, Noémie Boillat-Blanco
A minority of patients presenting with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) to their general practitioner (GP) have community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and require antibiotic therapy. Identifying them is challenging, because of overlapping symptomatology and low diagnostic performance of chest X-ray.
Procalcitonin (PCT) can be safely used to decide on antibiotic prescription in patients with LRTI. Lung ultrasound (LUS) is effective in detecting lung consolidation in pneumonia and might compensate for the lack of specificity of PCT.
We hypothesize that combining PCT and LUS, available as point-of care tests (POCT), might reduce antibiotic prescription in LRTIs without impacting patient safety in the primary care setting.
Methods
This is a three-arm pragmatic cluster randomized controlled clinical trial. GPs are randomized either to PCT and LUS-guided antibiotic therapy or to PCT only-guided therapy or to usual care. Consecutive adult patients with an acute cough due to a respiratory infection will be screened and included if they present a clinical pneumonia as defined by European guidelines. Exclusion criteria are previous antibiotics for the current episode, working diagnosis of sinusitis, severe underlying lung disease, severe immunosuppression, hospital admission, pregnancy, inability to provide informed consent and unavailability of the GP. Patients will fill in a 28 day-symptom diary and will be contacted by phone on days 7 and 28. The primary outcome is the proportion of patients prescribed any antibiotic up to day 28. Secondary outcomes include clinical failure by day 7 (death, admission to hospital, absence of amelioration or worsening of relevant symptoms) and by day 28, duration of restricted daily activities, episode duration as defined by symptom score, number of medical visits, number of days with side effects due to antibiotics and a composite outcome combining death, admission to hospital and complications due to LRTI by day 28. An evaluation of the cost-effectiveness and of processes in the clinic using a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach will also be conducted.
Discussion
Our intervention targets only patients with clinically suspected CAP who have a higher pretest probability of definite pneumonia. The intervention will not substitute clinical assessment but completes it by introducing new easy-to-perform tests.
Trial registration
The study was registered on the 19th of June 2017 on the clinicaltrials.gov registry using reference number; NCT03191071.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abkürzungen
ARI
Acute respiratory infection
CAP
Community acquired pneumonia
CHF
Swiss francs
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CRP
C reactive protein
eCRF
Electronic case report form
GP
General practitioner
LRTI
Lower respiratory tract infection
PCT
Procalcitonin
POCT
Point of care testing
Background
As a clear association exists between antibiotic use and resistance rates at community and patient levels, reducing inappropriate use is essential [1, 2]. The highest volume of prescriptions occurs in outpatients presenting with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) [3, 4]. Amongst these, lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are the commonest acute reasons for consulting general practitioners (GPs) [5] LRTIs include acute bronchitis, exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP in adults is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates and requires antibiotic treatment [6]. Whereas only 5 to 12% of patients presenting to their GP with LRTIs have CAP, 60% receive an antibiotic prescription [7, 8].
The absence of specific signs and symptoms for CAP makes identifying these patients a challenge [9]; in this context, the presence of a new infiltrate on chest X-ray supports the definite diagnosis [10]. However, chest X-ray has several limitations: it is not always readily available at the GP level [11, 12], exposes patients to radiation and has a limited diagnostic accuracy for CAP (54% sensitivity and 57% specificity, using chest-CT as a gold standard) [13].
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Several studies have evaluated the use of host biomarkers to help physicians identify patients with respiratory tract infections potentially requiring antibiotics. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C reactive protein (CRP) are the most extensively studied. PCT is more sensitive than CRP in differentiating bacterial from viral infections in ARIs (respectively 92 and 86%), for a similar specificity (respectively 73 and 70%) [14]. In various settings, including primary care, the use of PCT to guide antibiotic prescription in ARIs reduces antibiotic treatment without affecting outcome [11, 15‐17]. Its low specificity in differentiating bacterial from viral aetiologies limits its use in settings with high rates of viral infections, such as primary care. More data are required to confirm the impact of PCT-guided therapy on antibiotic prescription rates among patients with LRTIs in primary care.
Lung ultrasound is effective in detecting lung consolidation and has a 92% sensitivity and 93% specificity using chest-CT as a gold standard for the diagnosis of CAP [13, 18, 19]. GPs or non-physician respiratory therapists can perform and interpret lung ultrasound after a short training course [20, 21]. The maximum exam duration is of 13 min per patient [22]. The high specificity of lung ultrasound to detect lung consolidation could potentially compensate the low specificity of PCT.
We hypothesize that the combination of lung ultrasound and PCT should improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of CAP in primary care. To reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescription without affecting patient safety, we plan to test a novel simple clinical management algorithm (UltraPro) integrating the results of procalcitonin and lung ultrasound used as point-of-care tests (POCT).
Methods/design
Study objectives
The main objective of the study is to evaluate if the UltraPro algorithm based on procalcitonin and lung ultrasound decreases antibiotic prescription amongst adult patients with LRTIs managed at primary care level in Switzerland compared to the use of PCT only and usual care.
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The secondary objectives are to compare the clinical outcome of patients in each arm, to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of the intervention and to calculate and compare cost-effectiveness between arms.
Study design and setting
This is a three-arm pragmatic cluster randomized controlled superiority trial conducted in GPs practices.
GPs in 6 cantons in Western and central-Western Switzerland (Bern, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Fribourg, Valais and Jura) were recruited to ensure representation of different cultural areas and antibiotic prescription rates [23]. We chose these regions due to good collaboration between the investigators and a strong network of GPs during previous studies, which is essential for the feasibility of the study [24, 25]. The list of the participating GPs can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1.
Fig. 1
Study design of the randomized intervention study. Abbreviations: PCT: procalcitonin, GPs: general practitioners, ARI: acute respiratory infection, LRTI: lower respiratory tract infection
The primary outcome is the difference in the proportion of patients prescribed an antibiotic in each arm by day 28. Table 1 summarizes the secondary outcomes.
Table 1
Study outcomes
Primary outcome measure
Proportion of patients prescribed an antibiotic in each arm by day 28
Secondary outcome measures
Clinical outcomes
By day 7
Proportion of patients with clinical failure, defined as:
• admission to hospital OR
• death OR
• absence of amelioration or worsening of relevant symptoms (fever and/or dyspnoea)
By day 28
Proportion of patients with an adverse outcome, defined as:
• admission to hospital OR
• death OR
complications due to LRTI (persistence of pneumonia, lung abscess, lung effusion, empyema or sepsis)
Duration of restricted daily activities due to a respiratory tract infection
Duration of the episode (defined by the total daily symptom score)
Number of medical visits for the episode of LRTI
Number of days with side effects related to antibiotics
Consultation process outcomes
• Time spent by the patient in the practice, time required for the whole consultation
• Patient satisfaction with diagnostic process and consultation outcome
• Quality of the ultrasound images and of their interpretation
• Provider adhesion, level of trust and perceived usefulness of the algorithm recommendation
• Identification of barriers and facilitators to the implementation of UltraPro algorithm in primary care
Economic outcomes
Cost / effectiveness ratio
Participants
General practitioners
GPs known to the investigators for their interest in participating in research and members of local medical societies will be contacted. Study advertising will also be published in GP’s medical journals.
GPs are eligible if they do not use any of the UltraPro POCT tests for the management of their patients with a LRTI in their routine practice. To avoid contamination between arms, only one GP per practice will be included. Each participating GP will be responsible for enrolling 15 patients for a maximum period of 15 months.
Patients
GPs will screen for inclusion all adult patients (aged 18 years or older) presenting with a cough due to upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. They will include every consecutive patient meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Table 2) and providing informed consent (Fig. 1). GPs are responsible for obtaining informed consent.
acute cough (< 21 days) and at least one of the following sign/symptom:
previous prescription of antibiotics for the current episode
• history of fever for more than 4 days
• dyspnoea
• tachypnoea (> 22 cycles per minute)
• abnormal focal finding upon lung auscultation
working diagnosis of acute sinusitis or of a non-infective disorder
previous episode of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation treated with antibiotics during the last 6 months
known pregnancy
severe immunodeficiency (untreated HIV infection with CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3, solid organ transplant receiver, neutropenia (< 1000 cells/μl), treatment with corticosteroids (dose equivalent to 20 mg prednisone/day for > 28 days)
Only in the presence of an elevated PCT and a lung consolidation will the algorithm recommend antibiotics (Fig. 2). The GP will choose the antibiotic, its dosage and the duration of treatment. The GP is free to order additional diagnostic tests.
Arm 2: PCT only
The medical assistant will measure PCT using the POCT assay described above. Only in the presence of an elevated PCT will the algorithm recommend antibiotics (Fig. 2). The GP will choose the type of antibiotic, its dosage and the duration of treatment. The GP is free to order additional diagnostic tests.
Arm 3: usual care
GPs will manage and treat these patients as they usually do (Fig. 2).
Physician’s training
GPs in the UltraPro and PCT arms will participate in a half-day training session. Topics will include antibiotic resistance, epidemiology of pneumonia in Switzerland, management of CAP in primary care, the use of PCT and lung ultrasound to guide antibiotic prescription, the rationale for the UltraPro algorithm and the procedures of the study.
Before patient recruitment, the study team will visit all GPs at their own practices and train medical assistants in POCT PCT measurement.
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GPs in the usual care arm will receive a two-hour training on the rationale and the technical procedures of the study. There will be no training on epidemiology and management of pneumonia.
Data collection and monitoring
Data collected at inclusion by the GPs include demographics, co-morbidities, symptoms and their respective duration, vital and other clinical signs, laboratory tests and radiologic exams ordered outside the scope the algorithm, PCT result, lung ultrasound interpretation and antibiotic prescription. GPs will record all ultrasound images along with relevant metadata.
Study data will be collected via an electronic case report form (eCRF) and managed using REDCap™ electronic data capture tools hosted at Lausanne University Hospital [26]. In the UltraPro and PCT arms, medical assistants will draw venous blood to perform the PCT POCT measurement.
The study coordinator will perform data monitoring under guidance from the steering committee that is composed of the principal investigator, the co-principal investigators and the co-investigators. The Clinical Trial Unit of the University Hospital of Lausanne will perform the external monitoring of the study.
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Follow-up
A member of the study team (blinded to study arm) will conduct a standardized phone interview of all participants on day 7 and day 28. He will record clinical outcomes (presence or recurrence of LRTIs symptoms), additional medical visits, additional antibiotic prescription, number of days during which activities (work or recreation) were restricted, antibiotic side effects, secondary hospital admission and patient satisfaction.
All participants will fill a validated daily diary until symptom resolution, up to a maximum of 28 days [31]. They will report each day on six items (cough, phlegm, shortness of breath, sleep disturbance, impairment of normal daily activities and feeling unwell) on a Likert scale (1–6). By summing the values, we will obtain a daily composite symptom score for each patient.
In case of follow-up visits, GP’s will manage their patients according to their habitual practice.
Analyses
Sample size calculation
We calculated the sample size to assess an absolute difference in antibiotic prescription of at least 15% between each study arm. The steering committee considered this difference as sufficient to warrant implementation of the intervention at a larger scale. Sixty % of patients are estimated to receive antibiotics with usual care [8]; we expect it to be 45% using PCT only and 30% combining PCT and lung ultrasound.
A study sample of 14 GPs and 15 patients per GP in each arm (210 patients per arm for a total of 630 patients) gives a power of 80% to detect the expected difference in antibiotic prescription with 5% level of significance, when adjusting for clustering at practice level (intracluster coefficient 0.06) [8]. This sample size also guarantees a power of 80% to prove non-inferiority in terms of duration of activities restriction (non-inferiority margin of 1 day, standard deviation of 4 days) as well as in terms of the proportion of patients with adverse outcome by day 28 with an estimated probability in the “usual care” arm of 0.05 (non-inferiority margin of 0.02).
Statistical analyses
The population of all patients included, irrespective of follow-up will be used for primary data analysis. For patients who are lost to follow-up we will consider them as having had clinical failure, an adverse outcome and a duration of disease to be equal to the maximum measured in other patients. We will exclude patients whose GPs did not follow the algorithm recommendation and/or who did not complete telephone follow-up of the per-protocol analysis.
The primary analysis will be a logistic regression corrected for variation at GP level (generalized linear mixed effect) to calculate the difference in the proportion of patients prescribed an antibiotic by day 28 as well as the odds ratio of antibiotic prescription between 2 groups.
We will compare secondary outcomes (clinical, consultation process and economic outcomes) between groups using linear mixed effect regression. We will compare episode duration between groups using survival analysis methods.
Qualitative evaluation
Qualitative assessment will be done by face to face semi-structured interviews with a subset of the participating GPs. Focus groups will also be conducted with a subset of the medical assistants. Interview guides for both the interviews and focus group will focus on needs for training, feasibility of patient’s recruitment and comfort with intervention procedures. We will record all semi-structured interviews and focus groups using standard equipment, transcribed, and coded. Using a content analysis approach, the transcriptions will be firstly analysed to identify key themes and to develop a coding frame. Two different investigators will code independently each transcript and compare them for agreement. The coded data will be analysed and interpreted with regard to the identification of barriers and facilitators to the implementation of interventions processes.
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Economic evaluation
We will conduct a within-trial economic evaluation and complement it with a longer-term economic model. All resources involved in the use of the UltraPro algorithm will be included as intervention costs. These include: 1) human resources: time spent training GPs and medical assistants, additional consultation time and additional time spent by the medical assistant measuring point-of-care procalcitonin, 2) use of health services: referrals to hospital, hospitalizations, unplanned or planned GP consultations, 3) medical supplies and equipment: consumables, investment in devices (PCT reader, ultrasonography transducer).
The eCRF will provide most of the data to measure resource use. Resource use will be valued using the appropriate unit cost, in Swiss Francs (CHF) (e.g. wage rate, tariff, etc.). The within-trial analysis will involve calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, expressed in CHF per percentage point reduction in antibiotic prescription using the UltraPro algorithm as opposed to PCT only and usual care. In order to incorporate the potential wider benefits of a reduction in antibiotics prescriptions, such as reduced anti-microbial resistance, we will design a long-term economic model.
Time plan for the study
Patient recruitment will begin in September 2018 and last until February 2020.
Discussion
This will be the first trial to assess POCT PCT measurement as well as its combination with lung ultrasonography for deciding on antibiotic prescription in patients with LRTIs presenting to primary care. Frequent inappropriate antibiotic prescription in this population is in part due to diagnostic uncertainties surrounding the non-specific clinical presentation of patients with LRTIs and to the low performance of available radiological tools. Physicians need better and easily implemented POCT tools to help them decide on antibiotic prescription in this population.
Our study has several strengths. The chosen randomization level, i.e. GP level, will minimize bias by avoiding contamination between arms that could occur if we randomized at patient level. The screening strategy targeting all patients with cough due to an ARI will allow us to evaluate the proportion of patients with ARIs in whom CAP is suspected and the overall proportion of ARI patients receiving antibiotics. These data will allow us to grasp the potential impact of our intervention from a public health perspective. The inclusion criteria are the clinical criteria for suspecting CAP according to European guidelines. These stringent inclusion criteria guarantee the reproducibility of the study in various settings and avoid using the GP’s subjective clinical diagnosis, as done in previous studies [17]. They also help clinicians in real-life practice target patients who will benefit from additional diagnostic tests after their clinical evaluation. As reflected by our inclusion criteria, our intervention targets only patients with a higher pre-test probability of definite pneumonia. We chose not to include patients with acute bronchitis or asthma exacerbation as it is established that such patients do not require antibiotics [32].
The intervention should not substitute clinical assessment; it completes it by introducing new easy-to-perform tests in case of suspected CAP. Recent studies that did not show an impact of PCT-guided antibiotic prescription in LRTIs included patients, for whom antibiotics were not indicated on clinical grounds alone, thus diluting any potential effect of the intervention [33].
There will be exclusion of a well-defined subset of co-morbid patients (severe underlying lung disease, severe immunosuppression, etc. …) who when presenting with an LRTI should receive antibiotics regardless of clinical presentation, as there are no data showing that they can be safely managed using procalcitonin and lung ultrasound.
As this is a pragmatic trial, the chosen comparator group is “usual care” rather than standard of care. We intend to compare our intervention to real life clinical practice and clinicians in the usual care arm will manage their patient as per their habitual practice. We consider that GPs are aware of existing clinical guidelines and that there are practical and/or pragmatic reasons for not following recommendations.
There will be a PCT only arm. Although PCT is a sensitive test that can safely reduce antibiotic consumption among patients with ARIs [11, 16], more data are needed to confirm its impact on antibiotic prescription rates when compared to routine setting amongst primary care patients with LRTIs. We did not include an additional arm testing lung ultrasound alone as the PCT pre-screening to decide on lung ultrasonography will help save time whilst managing the patients and will be easier to implement at a larger scale in GP practices.
Our study has some limitations. Although we are conducting a pragmatic trial, GP participation is on a voluntary basis, leading to inclusion bias. We expect these motivated and informed GP to have low rates of inadequate antibiotic prescription. This could reduce the effect of our intervention. A reduction in antibiotic prescription rates in this group could then suggest that the real world effect would be greater. We also expect that there will be some deviations from the recommendations of the PCT only and UltraPro algorithms. To reduce the risk of overruling, we present the rationale behind the algorithms to the GPs during the half-day training session and exclude patients who should anyway receive antibiotics when presenting with an LRTI. The possibility of overruling increases the applicability of the findings.
PCT and lung ultrasound are now readily available as POCT making them easy to implement in primary care practices. Use rates of point-of-care ultrasonography in GP practices is variable in Europe [34], it is estimated that around 30% of Swiss GPs have an ultrasound machine at their practice (https://www.doctorfmh.ch/) [35] . This proportion will probably further increase in a near future due to the development of portable and affordable machines together with available short training courses. A pilot study done between December 2017 and April 2018 showed that the implementation of both tools in the proposed setting was feasible. Decentralization of the laboratory analyses and radiologic examination to the GPs practices allows fast and efficient management of patients with LRTIs, and we believe that both PCT and lung ultrasound have a role to play in helping physicians prescribe antibiotics adequately in LRTIs.
Acknowledgements
We thank all the GPs, medical assistants and patients who took part in the pilot study.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The ethics committee of cantons Vaud and Bern in Switzerland approved the protocol under the number 2017–01246. This approval covers all study sites. Written consent will be obtained from all study participants.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Procalcitonin and lung ultrasonography point-of-care testing to decide on antibiotic prescription in patients with lower respiratory tract infection in primary care: protocol of a pragmatic cluster randomized trial
verfasst von
Loïc Lhopitallier Andreas Kronenberg Jean-Yves Meuwly Isabella Locatelli Julie Dubois Joachim Marti Yolanda Mueller Nicolas Senn Valérie D’Acremont Noémie Boillat-Blanco
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