Text box 1. Contributions to the literature
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• Research has shown that the sequel of COVID-19 has long-term persistent symptoms and the spectrum of impairments or episodic disabilities is invisible. |
• Long COVID certainly has a bio-psychosocial impact and rehabilitation is the best possible approach for the management of long COVID. For many reasons, the scope of rehabilitation for long COVID is yet to be determined in lower middle-income nations. |
• This paper adds the population proportion of long COVID along with the determination of the scope of rehabilitation for long COVID in Bangladesh. Moreover, this paper also predicts the out-of-reach population for long COVID rehabilitation in Bangladesh. |
Introduction
Methodology
Study design, samples, and sampling method
Study procedure
Tools
Data analysis
Results
Population proportion of long COVID symptoms (LCS) in Bangladesh
Socio-demographic profile of long COVID
Variables | Sub-category | ALL (N = 2507) | No long COVID symptoms (N = 1944) | Long COVID (N = 563) | Mild (N = 220; 0.08 [0.07-0.09] | Moderate (N = 198; 0.07 [0.06-0.09] | Severe (N = 145; 0.05 [0.04-0.06] | P | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age
a
| Mean ± SD | 37 | ± 13.9 | 37 | ± 14 |
37.2
|
± 13.7
| 37.5 | ± 13.7 | 36.8 | ± 13.3 | 37.4 | ± 14.5 | 0.930 |
Gender
b
| Male | 1530 | (61%) | 1183 | (61%) |
347
|
(62%)
| 145 | 0.05 [0.04-0.06] | 118 | 0.04 [0.03-0.05] | 83 | 0.03 [0.02-0.04] | 0.223 |
Female | 977 | (39%) | 761 | (39%) |
216
|
(38%)
| 75 | 0.02 [0.02-0.03] | 80 | 0.03 [0.02-0.03] | 62 | 0.02 [0.01-0.03] | ||
Hospitalization
b
| Hospitalized | 280 | (11.17%) | 217 | (11.16%) |
63
|
(11.20%)
| 26 | 0.01 [0.00-0.01] | 22 | 0.008 [0.00-0.01] | 15 | 0.006 [0.00-0.009] | 0.0001*** |
At least one COVID case in community
b
| Yes | 1615 | (64%) | 1284 | (66%) |
331
|
(59%)
| 119 | 0.04 [0.03-0.05] | 113 | 0.04 [0.03-0.05] | 98 | 0.03 [0.03-0.04] | 0.0001*** |
At least one COVID case in family
b
| Yes | 1100 | (44%) | 871 | (45%) |
229
|
(41%)
| 88 | 0.03 [0.02-0.04] | 83 | 0.03 [0.02-0.04] | 58 | 0.02 [0.01-0.02] | 0.0001*** |
Vaccination
b
| Non-Vaccinated | 109 | (6%) | 87 | (4%) |
22
|
(4%)
| 9 | 0.003 [0.00-0.006] | 9 | 0.003 [0.00-0.006] | 4 | 0.001 [0.00-0.004] | 0.0001*** |
1st dose | 259 | (13%) | 196 | (10%) |
63
|
(11%)
| 22 | 0.008 [0.00-0.01] | 20 | 0.008 [0.00-0.01] | 21 | 0.008 [0.00-0.01] | ||
2nd dose | 1589 | (82%) | 1256 | (65%) |
333
|
(59%)
| 124 | 0.04 [0.04-0.05] | 125 | 0.04 [0.04-0.05] | 84 | 0.03 [0.02-0.04] | ||
Booster dose | 550 | (28%) | 405 | (21%) |
145
|
(26%)
| 43 | 0.01 [0.01-0.02] | 65 | 0.02 [0.02-0.03] | 36 | 0.01 [0.01-0.02] | ||
Living area
b
| Urban | 228 | (9%) | 168 | (9%) |
60
|
(11%)
| 29 | 0.01 [0.00-0.01] | 18 | 0.007 [0.00-0.01] | 13 | 0.005 [0.00-0.008] | 0.324 |
Rural | 848 | (34%) | 651 | (33%) |
197
|
(35%)
| 93 | 0.03 [0.03-0.04] | 62 | 0.02 [0.01-0.03] | 42 | 0.01 [0.01-0.02] | ||
Semi urban | 1431 | (57%) | 1125 | (58%) |
306
|
(54%)
| 97 | 0.03 [0.03-0.04] | 118 | 0.04 [0.03-0.05] | 90 | 0.03 [0.02-0.04] | ||
Attending Rehabilitation
b
| Yes | 237 | (9%) | 8 | (0.4%) |
229
|
(41%)
| 52 | 0.02 [0.01-0.02] | 100 | 0.03 [0.03-0.04] | 77 | 0.03 [0.02-0.03] | 0.0001*** |
Long COVID symptoms within the scope of rehabilitation
Symptoms | Before COVID-19, n (%) | 12 weeks after COVID-19, n (%) | Long COVID cases, n out of N = 2507 | Proportion of new Long COVID cases, [95% CI] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Prolonged Generalized Weakness | 0 | 788; 31.4% | 533 | 0.21 [0.19-0.22] |
Fatigue | 132; 5.3% | 765; 30.5% | 475 | 0.18 [0.17-0.20] |
Sleep problems or disturbance | 0 | 407; 16.2% | 407 | 0.16 [0.14-0.17] |
Cough | 24; 1% | 398; 15.9% | 374 | 0.14 [0.13-0.16] |
Muscle pain | 47; 1.9% | 419; 16.7% | 372 | 0.14 [0.13-0.16] |
General Arthralgia | 44; 1.8% | 359; 14.3% | 315 | 0.12 [0.11-0.13] |
Anxiety based on the YRS scale | 68; 2.7% | 375; 15% | 307 | 0.12 [0.10-0.13] |
Depression based on the YRS scale | 67; 2.7% | 373; 14.9% | 306 | 0.12 [0.10-0.13] |
The problem with playing a social role | 61; 2.4% | 364; 14.5% | 303 | 0.12 [0.10-0.13] |
Headache | 19; 0.8% | 308; 12.3% | 289 | 0.11 [0.10-0.12] |
The problem in Activities of Daily Living | 48; 1.9% | 301; 12% | 253 | 0.10 [0.08-0.11] |
Dizziness | 0 | 272; 10.8% | 272 | 0.10 [0.09-0.12] |
Prolonged Fever | 0 | 246; 9.8% | 246 | 0.09 [0.08-0.11] |
Memory problem | 28; 1.1% | 257; 10.3% | 229 | 0.09 [0.08-0.10] |
Problem with personal care | 38; 1.5% | 265; 10.6% | 227 | 0.09 [0.07-0.10] |
Problem in Concentration | 34; 1.4% | 250; 10% | 216 | 0.08 [0.07-0.09] |
Breathlessness or Dyspnea | 116; 4.6% | 321; 12.8% | 205 | 0.08 [0.07-0.09] |
Mobility problem | 41; 1.6% | 238; 9.5% | 197 | 0.07 [0.06-0.08] |
Palpitation | 0 | 150; 6% | 150 | 0.05 [0.05-0.06] |
Chest pain | 11; 0.4% | 104; 4.1% | 93 | 0.03 [0.03-0.04] |
Skin Rash | 0 | 66; 2.6% | 66 | 0.02 [0.02-0.03] |
Swallowing and feeding problem | 0 | 30; 1.2% | 30 | 0.01 [0.008-0.01] |
Communication problem | 14; 0.6% | 42; 1.7% | 28 | 0.01 [0.007-0.01] |
Voice change | 6; 0.2% | 21; 0.8% | 15 | 0.006 [0.003-0.009] |
Problem with executing a plan | 6; 0.2% | 22; 0.9% | 16 | 0.006 [0.003-0.01] |
PTSD based on the YRS scale | 4; 0.2% | 20; 0.8% | 16 | 0.006 [0.003-0.01] |
Abdominal Pain | 6; 0.2% | 20; 0.8% | 14 | 0.005 [0.003-0.009] |
Noisy breathing | 6; 0.2% | 14; 0.6% | 8 | 0.003 [0.001-0.006] |
Bladder control problem | 5; 0.2% | 7; 0.3% | 2 | 0.001 [0.0001-0.002] |
Bowel control problem | 4; 0.2% | 5; 0.2% | 1 | 0.001 [0.00001-0.002] |