In their recent
BMC Medicine article, Lau et al. [
1] characterized the serum and urine metabolic profiles of European children, and determined metabolites associated with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and dietary intake. This study was part of HELIX (Human Early-LIfe EXposome), a collaborative project between six longitudinal birth cohort studies that aims to characterize early-life physical and chemical exposures, and understand their impacts on growth, neurodevelopment, and respiratory health [
2]. The exposome is conceptualized as the sum total of interrelated general exposures (e.g., geographical location, socioeconomic status) and specific external (e.g., pollution, diet) and internal (e.g., gut microflora, metabolism) exposures, and therefore represents non-genetic factors that can contribute to human disease [
3]. As stated by the authors, researchers hypothesize that exposures during crucial developmental periods, such as periconception, the prenatal period, and early infancy can impact the predisposition to disease in the future [
4]. Studies on the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) therefore seek to characterize the detectable biomarkers that differentiate health from disease, and to correlate them to known exposures in order to contextualize and complement genomic data [
5].
Metabolic syndrome is a collection of features, including obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertension, which increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D) [
6,
7]. Obesity rates are dramatically increasing in children, and it is estimated that, by 2025, 70 million children worldwide will be overweight or obese [
8]. Understanding the association of exposures such maternal health, urban or rural environment, pollutants and dietary intake with ‘omics’ data can help to illuminate the impact of these early-life exposures on later-life health outcomes.