nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.06.2012

Radiotherapy for prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors

verfasst von: Lawrence J. Sheplan Olsen, Lizbeth Robles Irizarry, Samuel T. Chao, Robert J. Weil, Amir H. Hamrahian, Betul Hatipoglu, John H. Suh

Erschienen in: Pituitary | Ausgabe 2/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Review the medical and surgical management of patients with prolactinomas and provide an in-depth appraisal of the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of prolactinomas. A thorough review of the pertinent literature was carried out and relevant topics were identified. Topics covered in this comprehensive review include: indications for the use of radiotherapy, choice between conventional radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery, as well as the benefits and potential complications associated with each modality. Due to the excellent response rates with medical management, and rapid symptom relief afforded by resection or debulking surgery in patients who do not respond or tolerate medical therapy, radiotherapy is reserved for patients who do not respond to dopamine agonists and surgery. Both external beam radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery retain important roles in the treatment of refractory or recurrent prolactinomas. Choosing the optimal approach is crucial in maximizing tumor control outcomes and minimizing the risks associated with treatment. The primary determinants of optimal radiation approach are proximity of the tumor to the optic apparatus and tumor size, with radiosurgery being our recommended treatment of choice unless the tumor is larger than 3–4 cm or within 3 mm of the optic nerves, chiasm or tracts. Optimal multidisciplinary management requires the identification of appropriate candidates for radiotherapy in order to take full advantage of treatment options available for each patient.

Casanueva FF, Molitch ME, Schlechte JA, Abs R, Bonert V, Bronstein MD, Brue T, Cappabianca P, Colao A, Fahlbusch R, Fideleff H, Hadani M, Kelly P, Kleinberg D, Laws E, Marek J, Scanlon M, Sobrinho LG, Wass JA, Giustina A (2006) Guidelines of the pituitary society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65(2):265–273. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02562.x CrossRef

Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA, Wass JA (2011) Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(2):273–288. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1692 PubMedCrossRef

Klibanski A (2010) Clinical practice. Prolactinomas. N Engl J Med 362(13):1219–1226. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0912025 PubMedCrossRef

Colao A, Savastano S (2011) Medical treatment of prolactinomas. Nat Rev Endocrinol 7(5):267–278. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.37 PubMedCrossRef

Melmed S (2002) The pituitary, 2nd edn. Blackwell Pub, Malden

Vandeva S, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Daly AF, Tichomirowa M, Zacharieva S, Beckers A (2010) The genetics of pituitary adenomas. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24(3):461–476. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.03.001 PubMedCrossRef

Karthikeyan M, Arunakaran J, Balasubramanian K (2009) The effects of prolactin and corticosterone on insulin binding to rat Leydig cells. Reprod Biol 9(2):189–194PubMed

Huang WJ, Yeh JY, Kan SF, Chang LS, Wang PS (2001) Effects of hyperprolactinemia on testosterone production in rat Leydig cells. J Cell Biochem 80(3):313–320. doi:10.1002/1097-4644(20010301)80:3<313:AID-JCB30>3.0.CO;2-E PubMedCrossRef

Vilar L, Freitas MC, Naves LA, Casulari LA, Azevedo M, Montenegro R Jr, Barros AI, Faria M, Nascimento GC, Lima JG, Nobrega LH, Cruz TP, Mota A, Ramos A, Violante A, Lamounier Filho A, Gadelha MR, Czepielewski MA, Glezer A, Bronstein MD (2008) Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia: results of a Brazilian multicenter study with 1234 patients. J Endocrinol Invest 31(5):436–444PubMed

10.

Colao A (2009) Pituitary tumours: the prolactinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 23(5):575–596. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2009.05.003 PubMedCrossRef

11.

Molitch ME, Elton RL, Blackwell RE, Caldwell B, Chang RJ, Jaffe R, Joplin G, Robbins RJ, Tyson J, Thorner MO (1985) Bromocriptine as primary therapy for prolactin-secreting macroadenomas: results of a prospective multicenter study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60(4):698–705PubMedCrossRef

12.

Bevan JS, Webster J, Burke CW, Scanlon MF (1992) Dopamine agonists and pituitary tumor shrinkage. Endocr Rev 13(2):220–240PubMed

13.

Verhelst J, Abs R, Maiter D, van den Bruel A, Vandeweghe M, Velkeniers B, Mockel J, Lamberigts G, Petrossians P, Coremans P, Mahler C, Stevenaert A, Verlooy J, Raftopoulos C, Beckers A (1999) Cabergoline in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a study in 455 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84(7):2518–2522PubMedCrossRef

14.

Barker FG 2nd, Klibanski A, Swearingen B (2003) Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors in the United States, 1996–2000: mortality, morbidity, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volume. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(10):4709–4719PubMedCrossRef

15.

Gittoes NJ, Sheppard MC, Johnson AP, Stewart PM (1999) Outcome of surgery for acromegaly—the experience of a dedicated pituitary surgeon. QJM 92(12):741–745PubMedCrossRef

16.

Yamada S, Aiba T, Takada K, Ozawa Y, Shimizu T, Sawano S, Shishiba Y, Sano T (1996) Retrospective analysis of long-term surgical results in acromegaly: preoperative and postoperative factors predicting outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 45(3):291–298CrossRef

17.

Rees DA, Hanna FW, Davies JS, Mills RG, Vafidis J, Scanlon MF (2002) Long-term follow-up results of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing’s disease in a single centre using strict criteria for remission. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 56(4):541–551CrossRef

18.

Swords FM, Monson JP, Besser GM, Chew SL, Drake WM, Grossman AB, Plowman PN (2009) Gamma knife radiosurgery: a safe and effective salvage treatment for pituitary tumours not controlled despite conventional radiotherapy. Eur J Endocrinol 161(6):819–828. doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0493 PubMedCrossRef

19.

Jenkins PJ, Bates P, Carson MN, Stewart PM, Wass JA (2006) Conventional pituitary irradiation is effective in lowering serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(4):1239–1245. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1616 PubMedCrossRef

20.

Barrande G, Pittino-Lungo M, Coste J, Ponvert D, Bertagna X, Luton JP, Bertherat J (2000) Hormonal and metabolic effects of radiotherapy in acromegaly: long-term results in 128 patients followed in a single center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(10):3779–3785PubMedCrossRef

21.

Estrada J, Boronat M, Mielgo M, Magallon R, Millan I, Diez S, Lucas T, Barcelo B (1997) The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing’s disease. N Engl J Med 336(3):172–177. doi:10.1056/NEJM199701163360303 PubMedCrossRef

22.

Castinetti F, Nagai M, Morange I, Dufour H, Caron P, Chanson P, Cortet-Rudelli C, Kuhn JM, Conte-Devolx B, Regis J, Brue T (2009) Long-term results of stereotactic radiosurgery in secretory pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(9):3400–3407. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2772 PubMedCrossRef

23.

Witt TC (2003) Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary tumors. Neurosurg Focus 14(5):e10PubMedCrossRef

24.

Kong DS, Lee JI, Lim do H, Kim KW, Shin HJ, Nam DH, Park K, Kim JH (2007) The efficacy of fractionated radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: long-term results of 125 consecutive patients treated in a single institution. Cancer 110(4):854–860. doi:10.1002/cncr.22860 PubMedCrossRef

25.

Gillam MP, Molitch ME, Lombardi G, Colao A (2006) Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev 27(5):485–534. doi:10.1210/er.2005-9998 PubMedCrossRef

26.

Pouratian N, Sheehan J, Jagannathan J, Laws ER Jr, Steiner L, Vance ML (2006) Gamma knife radiosurgery for medically and surgically refractory prolactinomas. Neurosurgery 59(2):255–266. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000223445.22938.BD discussion 255-266PubMedCrossRef

27.

Antunes J, Housepian J, Frantz E (1977) Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors. Ann Neurol 2(2):148–153CrossRef

28.

Gomez F, Reyes FI, Faiman C (1977) Nonpuerperal galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia. Clinical findings, endocrine features and therapeutic responses in 56 cases. Am J Med 62(5):648–660PubMedCrossRef

29.

Grossman A, Cohen BL, Charlesworth M, Plowman PN, Rees LH, Wass JA, Jones AE, Besser GM (1984) Treatment of prolactinomas with megavoltage radiotherapy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 288(6424):1105–1109CrossRef

30.

Johnston DG, Hall K, Kendall-Taylor P, Ross WM, Crombie AL, Cook DB, Watson MJ (1986) The long-term effects of megavoltage radiotherapy as sole or combined therapy for large prolactinomas: studies with high definition computerized tomography. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 24(6):675–685CrossRef

31.

Wang C, Lam KS, Ma JT, Chan T, Liu MY, Yeung RT (1987) Long-term treatment of hyperprolactinaemia with bromocriptine: effect of drug withdrawal. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 27(3):363–371CrossRef

32.

Mehta AE, Reyes FI, Faiman C (1987) Primary radiotherapy of prolactinomas. Eight- to 15-year follow-up. Am J Med 83(1):49–58PubMedCrossRef

33.

Tsagarakis S, Grossman A, Plowman PN, Jones AE, Touzel R, Rees LH, Wass JA, Besser GM (1991) Megavoltage pituitary irradiation in the management of prolactinomas: long-term follow-up. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 34(5):399–406CrossRef

34.

Levy RP, Fabrikant JI, Frankel KA, Phillips MH, Lyman JT, Lawrence JH, Tobias CA (1991) Heavy-charged-particle radiosurgery of the pituitary gland: clinical results of 840 patients. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 57(1–2):22–35PubMedCrossRef

35.

Ganz JC, Backlund EO, Thorsen FA (1993) The effects of Gamma Knife surgery of pituitary adenomas on tumor growth and endocrinopathies. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 61(Suppl 1):30–37PubMed

36.

Zierhut D, Flentje M, Adolph J, Erdmann J, Raue F, Wannenmacher M (1995) External radiotherapy of pituitary adenomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 33(2):307–314PubMedCrossRef

37.

Wallace EA, Holdaway IM (1995) Treatment of macroprolactinomas at Auckland Hospital 1975–91. N Z Med J 108(994):50–52PubMed

38.

Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB, Simpson WJ (1996) Role of radiation therapy in clinical hormonally-active pituitary adenomas. Radiother Oncol 41(1):45–53PubMedCrossRef

39.

Lim YL, Leem W, Kim TS, Rhee BA, Kim GK (1998) Four years’ experiences in the treatment of pituitary adenomas with gamma knife radiosurgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 70(Suppl 1):95–109PubMedCrossRef

40.

Martinez R, Bravo G, Burzaco J, Rey G (1998) Pituitary tumors and gamma knife surgery. Clinical experience with more than two years of follow-up. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 70(Suppl 1):110–118PubMedCrossRef

41.

Morange-Ramos I, Regis J, Dufour H, Andrieu JM, Grisoli F, Jaquet P, Peragut JC (1998) Gamma-knife surgery for secreting pituitary adenomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140(5):437–443CrossRef

42.

Inoue HK, Kohga H, Hirato M, Sasaki T, Ishihara J, Shibazaki T, Ohye C, Andou Y (1999) Pituitary adenomas treated by microsurgery with or without Gamma Knife surgery: experience in 122 cases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 72(Suppl 1):125–131PubMedCrossRef

43.

Mokry M, Ramschak-Schwarzer S, Simbrunner J, Ganz JC, Pendl G (1999) A six year experience with the postoperative radiosurgical management of pituitary adenomas. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 72(Suppl 1):88–100PubMedCrossRef

44.

Izawa M, Hayashi M, Nakaya K, Satoh H, Ochiai T, Hori T, Takakura K (2000) Gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 93(Suppl 3):19–22. doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.supplement3.0019 PubMed

45.

Landolt AM, Lomax N (2000) Gamma knife radiosurgery for prolactinomas. J Neurosurg 93(Suppl 3):14–18. doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.supplement3.0014 PubMed

46.

Zhang N, Pan L, Dai J, Wang B, Wang E, Zhang W, Cai P (2000) Gamma Knife radiosurgery as a primary surgical treatment for hypersecreting pituitary adenomas. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 75(2–3):123–128PubMedCrossRef

47.

Feigl GC, Bonelli CM, Berghold A, Mokry M (2002) Effects of gamma knife radiosurgery of pituitary adenomas on pituitary function. J Neurosurg 97(Suppl 5):415–421. doi:10.3171/jns.2002.97.supplement5.0415 PubMed

48.

Choi JY, Chang JH, Chang JW, Ha Y, Park YG, Chung SS (2003) Radiological and hormonal responses of functioning pituitary adenomas after gamma knife radiosurgery. Yonsei Med J 44(4):602–607PubMed

49.

Petrovich Z, Yu C, Giannotta SL, Zee CS, Apuzzo ML (2003) Gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenoma: early results. Neurosurgery 53(1): 51–59; discussion 59–61

50.

Muramatsu J, Yoshida M, Shioura H, Kawamura Y, Ito H, Takeuchi H, Kubota T, Maruyama I (2003) Clinical results of LINAC-based stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenoma. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 63(5):225–230PubMed

51.

Kuo JS, Chen JC, Yu C, Zelman V, Giannotta SL, Petrovich Z, MacPherson D, Apuzzo ML (2004) Gamma knife radiosurgery for benign cavernous sinus tumors: quantitative analysis of treatment outcomes. Neurosurgery 54(6):1385–1393; discussion 1393–1384

52.

Colin P, Jovenin N, Delemer B, Caron J, Grulet H, Hecart AC, Lukas C, Bazin A, Bernard MH, Scherpereel B, Peruzzi P, Nakib I, Redon C, Rousseaux P (2005) Treatment of pituitary adenomas by fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: a prospective study of 110 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62(2):333–341. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.09.058 PubMedCrossRef

53.

Ma ZM, Qiu B, Hou YH, Liu YS (2006) Gamma knife treatment for pituitary prolactinomas. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 31(5):714–716PubMed

54.

Tinnel BA, Henderson MA, Witt TC, Fakiris AJ, Worth RM, Des Rosiers PM, Edmondson JW, Timmerman RD, Lo SS (2008) Endocrine response after gamma knife-based stereotactic radiosurgery for secretory pituitary adenoma. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 86(5):292–296. doi:10.1159/000151717 PubMedCrossRef

55.

Jezkova J, Hana V, Krsek M, Weiss V, Vladyka V, Liscak R, Vymazal J, Pecen L, Marek J (2009) Use of the Leksell gamma knife in the treatment of prolactinoma patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 70(5):732–741. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03384.x CrossRef

56.

Sun DQ, Cheng JJ, Frazier JL, Batra S, Wand G, Kleinberg LR, Rigamonti D, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Salvatori R, Lim M (2010) Treatment of pituitary adenomas using radiosurgery and radiotherapy: a single center experience and review of literature. Neurosurg Rev 34(2):181–189. doi:10.1007/s10143-010-0285-2 PubMedCrossRef

57.

Schalin-Jantti C, Valanne L, Tenhunen M, Setala K, Paetau A, Sane T, Kouri M (2010) Outcome of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with pituitary adenomas resistant to conventional treatments: a 5.25-year follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 73(1):72–77. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03755.x

58.

Tanaka S, Link MJ, Brown PD, Stafford SL, Young WF Jr, Pollock BE (2010) Gamma knife radiosurgery for patients with prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. World Neurosurg 74(1):147–152. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2010.05.007 PubMedCrossRef

59.

McCord MW, Buatti JM, Fennell EM, Mendenhall WM, Marcus RB Jr, Rhoton AL, Grant MB, Friedman WA (1997) Radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma: long-term outcome and sequelae. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 39(2):437–444PubMedCrossRef

60.

Grabenbauer GG, Ernst-Stecken A, Schneider F, Lambrecht U, Ganslandt O (2006) Radiosurgery of functioning pituitary adenomas: comparison of different treatment techniques including dynamic and conformal arcs, shaped beams, and IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66(Suppl 4):S33–S39CrossRef

61.

Snyder PJ, Fowble BF, Schatz NJ, Savino PJ, Gennarelli TA (1986) Hypopituitarism following radiation therapy of pituitary adenomas. Am J Med 81(3):457–462PubMedCrossRef

62.

Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Applegate G, Sutton ML (1989) Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumours in adults. Q J Med 70(262):145–160PubMed

63.

Parsons JT, Bova FJ, Fitzgerald CR, Mendenhall WM, Million RR (1994) Radiation optic neuropathy after megavoltage external-beam irradiation: analysis of time-dose factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30(4):755–763PubMedCrossRef

64.

Jiang GL, Tucker SL, Guttenberger R, Peters LJ, Morrison WH, Garden AS, Ha CS, Ang KK (1994) Radiation-induced injury to the visual pathway. Radiother Oncol 30(1):17–25PubMedCrossRef

65.

Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, Wheatley K, Clayton RN, Bates AS, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM (2001) Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet 357(9254):425–431PubMedCrossRef

66.

Brada M, Burchell L, Ashley S, Traish D (1999) The incidence of cerebrovascular accidents in patients with pituitary adenoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45(3):693–698PubMedCrossRef

67.

Erridge SC, Conkey DS, Stockton D, Strachan MW, Statham PF, Whittle IR, Grant R, Kerr GR, Gregor A (2009) Radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas: long-term efficacy and toxicity. Radiother Oncol 93(3):597–601. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2009.09.011 PubMedCrossRef

68.

Shimizu Y, Kodama K, Nishi N, Kasagi F, Suyama A, Soda M, Grant EJ, Sugiyama H, Sakata R, Moriwaki H, Hayashi M, Konda M, Shore RE (2010) Radiation exposure and circulatory disease risk: Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivor data, 1950–2003. BMJ 340:b5349PubMedCrossRef

69.

Minniti G, Traish D, Ashley S, Gonsalves A, Brada M (2005) Risk of second brain tumor after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma: update after an additional 10 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(2):800–804. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1152 PubMedCrossRef

70.

Mackley HB, Reddy CA, Lee SY, Harnisch GA, Mayberg MR, Hamrahian AH, Suh JH (2007) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas: the preliminary report of the Cleveland Clinic experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(1):232–239. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.039 PubMedCrossRef

71.

Stafford SL, Pollock BE, Leavitt JA, Foote RL, Brown PD, Link MJ, Gorman DA, Schomberg PJ (2003) A study on the radiation tolerance of the optic nerves and chiasm after stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 55(5):1177–1181PubMedCrossRef

72.

Akamatsu Y, Murakami K, Watanabe M, Jokura H, Tominaga T (2010) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor arising from benign vestibular schwannoma treated by gamma knife radiosurgery after two previous surgeries: a case report with surgical and pathological observations. World Neurosurg 73(6):751–754. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2010.04.009 PubMedCrossRef

73.

Berman EL, Eade TN, Brown D, Weaver M, Glass J, Zorman G, Feigenberg SJ (2007) Radiation-induced tumor after stereotactic radiosurgery for an arteriovenous malformation: case report. Neurosurgery 61(5):E1099. doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000303207.92617.4e. discussion E1099PubMedCrossRef

74.

Comey CH, McLaughlin MR, Jho HD, Martinez AJ, Lunsford LD (1998) Death from a malignant cerebellopontine angle triton tumor despite stereotactic radiosurgery. Case report. J Neurosurg 89(4):653–658. doi:10.3171/jns.1998.89.4.0653 PubMedCrossRef

75.

Kaido T, Hoshida T, Uranishi R, Akita N, Kotani A, Nishi N, Sakaki T (2001) Radiosurgery-induced brain tumor. Case report. J Neurosurg 95(4):710–713. doi:10.3171/jns.2001.95.4.0710 PubMedCrossRef

76.

McIver JI, Pollock BE (2004) Radiation-induced tumor after stereotactic radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy: case report and literature review. J Neurooncol 66(3):301–305PubMedCrossRef

77.

Sasagawa Y, Akai T, Itou S, Iizuka H (2009) Gamma knife radiosurgery-induced cavernous hemangioma: case report. Neurosurgery 64(5):E1006–E1007. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000344005.23146.CC discussion E1007PubMedCrossRef

78.

Shamisa A, Bance M, Nag S, Tator C, Wong S, Noren G, Guha A (2001) Glioblastoma multiforme occurring in a patient treated with gamma knife surgery. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 94(5):816–821. doi:10.3171/jns.2001.94.5.0816 PubMedCrossRef

79.

Sheehan J, Yen CP, Steiner L (2006) Gamma knife surgery-induced meningioma. Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 105(2):325–329. doi:10.3171/jns.2006.105.2.325 PubMedCrossRef

80.

Shin M, Ueki K, Kurita H, Kirino T (2002) Malignant transformation of a vestibular schwannoma after gamma knife radiosurgery. Lancet 360(9329):309–310. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09521-1 PubMedCrossRef

81.

Yu JS, Yong WH, Wilson D, Black KL (2000) Glioblastoma induction after radiosurgery for meningioma. Lancet 356(9241):1576–1577. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03134-2 PubMedCrossRef

82.

Cahan WG, Woodard HQ et al (1948) Sarcoma arising in irradiated bone; report of 11 cases. Cancer 1(1):3–29PubMedCrossRef

83.

Grattan-Smith PJ, Morris JG, Shores EA, Batchelor J, Sparks RS (1992) Neuropsychological abnormalities in patients with pituitary tumours. Acta Neurol Scand 86(6):626–631PubMedCrossRef

84.

Peace KA, Orme SM, Thompson AR, Padayatty S, Ellis AW, Belchetz PE (1997) Cognitive dysfunction in patients treated for pituitary tumours. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 19(1):1–6PubMedCrossRef

85.

Gondi V, Tome WA, Mehta MP (2010) Why avoid the hippocampus? A comprehensive review. Radiother Oncol 97(3):370–376. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2010.09.013 PubMedCrossRef

86.

Mahajan A, Dong L, Prabhu S, Wang C, Zhang Y, Lifei Z, Meyers C, Woo S (2007) Application of deformable image registration to hippocampal doses and neurocognitive outcomes. Soc Neuro Oncol 9:583

87.

Mehta M (2011) RTOG 0933: a phase II trial of hippocampal avoidance during whole brain radiotherapy for brain metastases. http://www.rtog.org/ClinicalTrials/ProtocolTable/StudyDetails.aspx?study=0933

88.

Guinan EM, Lowy C, Stanhope N, Lewis PD, Kopelman MD (1998) Cognitive effects of pituitary tumours and their treatments: two case studies and an investigation of 90 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65(6):870–876PubMedCrossRef

89.

Armstrong CL, Hunter JV, Ledakis GE, Cohen B, Tallent EM, Goldstein BH, Tochner Z, Lustig R, Judy KD, Pruitt A, Mollman JE, Stanczak EM, Jo MY, Than TL, Phillips P (2002) Late cognitive and radiographic changes related to radiotherapy: initial prospective findings. Neurology 59(1):40–48PubMedCrossRef

90.

Brell M, Villa S, Teixidor P, Lucas A, Ferran E, Marin S, Acebes JJ (2006) Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in the treatment of exclusive cavernous sinus meningioma: functional outcome, local control, and tolerance. Surg Neurol 65(1):28–33. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2005.06.027. discussion 33-24PubMedCrossRef

91.

Maguire PD, Clough R, Friedman AH, Halperin EC (1999) Fractionated external-beam radiation therapy for meningiomas of the cavernous sinus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 44(1):75–79PubMedCrossRef

92.

Metellus P, Regis J, Muracciole X, Fuentes S, Dufour H, Nanni I, Chinot O, Martin PM, Grisoli F (2005) Evaluation of fractionated radiotherapy and gamma knife radiosurgery in cavernous sinus meningiomas: treatment strategy. Neurosurgery 57(5):873–886. discussion 873-886PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Radiotherapy for prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors
verfasst von: Lawrence J. Sheplan Olsen
Lizbeth Robles Irizarry
Samuel T. Chao
Robert J. Weil
Amir H. Hamrahian
Betul Hatipoglu
John H. Suh
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2012
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Pituitary / Ausgabe 2/2012
Print ISSN: 1386-341X
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7403
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-011-0348-6

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

25.04.2024 | Hypotonie | Nachrichten

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Radiotherapy for prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Update Innere Medizin

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2012

Pituicytoma: overview of treatment strategies and outcome

How useful are serum IGF-I measurements for managing GH replacement therapy in adults and children?

Polycythemia as rare secondary direct manifestation of acromegaly: management and single-centre epidemiological data

Bronchial carcinoid tumors metastatic to the sella turcica and review of the literature

Sellar plasmacytomas: a concise review

An endoscopic modification of the simultaneous ‘above and below’ approach to large pituitary adenomas

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Update Innere Medizin