Background
Methods
Sample
Procedure
Patient consents
Measures
Variable | HC | CIS | RRMS | SPMS | Test Statistic | P-value | P-valueª |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 276 | 65 | 352 | 109 | |||
Gender: % female | 60.87 | 61.54 | 64.77 | 61.47 | 2.97 | 0.81 | |
Mean Age (sd) | 46.93 (15.76) | 39.38 (10.99) | 44.17 (10.75) | 53.91 (8.69) | 23.62 | 0.00 | *** |
Mean Age at Diagnosis (sd) | NA | 36.25 (10.92) | 34.90 (9.41) | 36.21 (10.09) | 1.03 | 0.36 | |
Median EDSS (IQR) | NA | 1.50 (1–2) | 2 (3–1.5) | 6 (5–6.5) | 24.64 | 0.00 | *** |
Diease Duration: mean no. years (sd) | NA | 5.65 (3.32) | 13.1 (7.11) | 21.85 (9.10) | 83.61 | 0.00 | *** |
Range | NA | 3–20 | 2–41 | 5–45 | |||
Mean Body Mass Index (sd) | 27.31 (5.70) | 27.14 (5.86) | 27.40 (5.93) | 26.10 (6.01) | 1.35 | 0.26 | |
Employment Status % | 201.79 | 0.00 | *** | ||||
Full-time | 48.22 | 61.9 | 45.38 | 11.32 | |||
Part-time | 15.81 | 11.11 | 12.14 | 10.38 | |||
Homemaker | 3.16 | 7.94 | 3.47 | 4.72 | |||
Student | 7.91 | 4.76 | 2.02 | 0 | |||
Unemployed | 8.3 | 6.35 | 6.65 | 5.66 | |||
Retired | 13.83 | 3.17 | 6.65 | 24.53 | |||
Disabled | 0 | 3.17 | 21.97 | 41.51 | |||
Other | 2.77 | 1.59 | 1.73 | 1.89 | |||
Education % | 30.85 | 0.01 | * | ||||
High school not completed | 1.99 | 1.59 | 3.78 | 7.55 | |||
Graduated high school | 15.54 | 12.7 | 17.15 | 21.7 | |||
Some college/Associate/Technical Degree | 34.66 | 38.1 | 36.05 | 33.96 | |||
Bachelor’s degree | 25.9 | 30.16 | 23.26 | 19.81 | |||
Graduate/Post-graduate | 21.91 | 17.46 | 19.77 | 16.98 | |||
Race % | 39.52 | 0.00 | *** | ||||
Caucasian | 83.59 | 92.06 | 91.91 | 95.28 | |||
Hispanic/Latino | 1.56 | 95.24 | 2.02 | 0.94 | |||
Black/African-American | 8.59 | 98.41 | 4.91 | 2.83 | |||
Asian | 3.91 | 100 | 0.58 | 0 | |||
American Indian/Alaska Native | 0.39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Other | 1.95 | 0 | 0.58 | 0.94 | |||
Past reserve-related Activities: Mean (sd) | 6.60 (0.13) | 6.44 (1.76) | 6.27 (2.06) | 5.75 (2.04) | 4.39 | 0.00 | *** |
Range | 2–10 | 3–10 | 2–10 | 2–10 | |||
Strenuous reserve-related Activities: Mean (sd) | 1.61 (0.078) | 0.70 (0.67) | 0.64 (0.70) | 0.36 (0.41) | 76.73 | 0.00 | *** |
Range | 0–5.42 | 0–2.83 | 0–3.23 | 0–1.8 | |||
Non-Strenuous reserve-related Activities : Mean(sd) | 5.80 (0.16) | 5.18 (2.47) | 5.36 (2.62) | 5.53 (2.84) | 1.64 | 0.18 | |
Range | 0.5–12.67 | 0–12 | 0–13.5 | 0–12.83 |
Statistical analysis
Maximal lifetime brain growth
Residual brain volume
Regression analyses
Results
Sample
Reserve metrics descriptive statistics and correlations by group
Multivariable analysis of MRI structural metrics
Dependent Variable: | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2a Past Reserve Building Activities | 2b Strenuous Current reserve-related Activities | 2c Non-Strenuous Current reserve-related Activities | |||||||||
Predictors | β | t |
p
| Predictors | β | t |
p
| Predictors | β | t |
p
|
Chronic lesion burden models | |||||||||||
Age | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.90 | Age | –0.19 | –3.94 | 0.00 | Age | –0.05 | –0.94 | 0.35 |
Gender | –0.02 | –0.42 | 0.68 | Gender | –0.07 | –1.72 | 0.09 | Gender | –0.05 | –1.07 | 0.29 |
Chronic Burden | –0.31 | –1.25 | 0.21 | Chronic Burden | –0.34 | –1.46 | 0.15 | Chronic Burden | 0.20 | 0.82 | 0.41 |
CIS | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.94 | CIS | –0.37 | –5.04 | 0.00 | CIS | –0.03 | –0.43 | 0.67 |
RR | –0.03 | –0.24 | 0.81 | RR | –0.51 | –5.33 | 0.00 | RR | 0.09 | 0.87 | 0.38 |
PMS | –0.14 | –1.37 | 0.17 | PMS | –0.51 | –5.42 | 0.00 | PMS | 0.13 | 1.32 | 0.19 |
Chronic X CIS | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.86 | Chronic X CIS | 0.15 | 2.58 | 0.01 | Chronic X CIS | 0.06 | 1.05 | 0.29 |
Chronic X RR | 0.17 | 0.85 | 0.39 | Chronic X RR | 0.26 | 1.41 | 0.16 | Chronic X RR | –0.14 | –0.70 | 0.49 |
Chronic X SPMS | 0.30 | 1.42 | 0.16 | Chronic X SPMS | 0.30 | 1.51 | 0.13 | Chronic X SPMS | –0.17 | –0.83 | 0.41 |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.00 | Adjusted R-squared | 0.10 | Adjusted R-squared | 0.00 | ||||||
N | 523 | N | 526 | N | 535 | ||||||
Active lesion burden models | |||||||||||
Age | 0.00 | –0.09 | 0.93 | Age | –0.18 | –3.83 | 0.00 | Age | –0.07 | –1.40 | 0.16 |
Gender | –0.01 | –0.33 | 0.74 | Gender | –0.08 | –1.84 | 0.07 | Gender | –0.04 | –0.88 | 0.38 |
Active Burden | –0.04 | 0.00 | 1.00 | Active Burden | –11.72 | –0.89 | 0.38 | Active Burden | –4.71 | –0.34 | 0.73 |
CIS | –0.09 | –0.81 | 0.42 | CIS | –0.48 | –4.95 | 0.00 | CIS | –0.10 | –0.99 | 0.32 |
RR | –0.17 | –1.09 | 0.28 | RR | –0.75 | –5.39 | 0.00 | RR | –0.10 | –0.67 | 0.50 |
PMS | –0.22 | –1.55 | 0.12 | PMS | –0.73 | –5.59 | 0.00 | PMS | –0.03 | –0.25 | 0.81 |
Active X CIS | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.00 | Active X CIS | 2.81 | 0.9 | 0.37 | Active X CIS | 1.02 | 0.34 | 0.73 |
Active X RR | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.00 | Active X RR | 11.42 | 0.89 | 0.38 | Active X RR | 4.56 | 0.34 | 0.73 |
Active X SPMS | –0.02 | –0.03 | 0.97 | Active X SPMS | 0.51 | 0.84 | 0.40 | Active X SPMS | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.81 |
Adjusted R-squared | –0.01 | Adjusted R-squared | 0.09 | Adjusted R-squared | 0.00 | ||||||
N | 504 | N | 505 | N | 514 | ||||||
Brain volume models | |||||||||||
Age | 0.03 | 0.66 | 0.51 | Age | –0.13 | –3.12 | 0.00 | Age | 0.03 | 0.55 | 0.58 |
Gender | –0.02 | –0.52 | 0.60 | Gender | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.65 | Gender | –0.01 | –0.32 | 0.75 |
Brain Volume* | 0.09 | 1.00 | 0.32 | Brain Volume* | 0.22 | 3.08 | 0.00 | Brain Volume* | 0.10 | 1.16 | 0.25 |
White Matter Vol. | –0.01 | –0.09 | 0.93 | White Matter Vol. | 0.11 | 1.40 | 0.16 | White Matter Vol. | –0.10 | –1.02 | 0.31 |
CIS | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.82 | CIS | 0.92 | 1.26 | 0.21 | CIS | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.70 |
RR | –0.86 | –1.13 | 0.26 | RR | 0.98 | 1.59 | 0.11 | RR | –0.45 | –0.60 | 0.55 |
SPMS | 0.72 | 0.97 | 0.33 | SPMS | 1.20 | 1.98 | 0.05 | SPMS | –1.09 | –1.50 | 0.13 |
Brain Vol X CIS | –0.31 | –0.57 | 0.57 | Brain Vol X CIS | –0.61 | –1.34 | 0.18 | Brain Vol X CIS | –0.12 | –0.23 | 0.82 |
Brain Vol X RR | –0.04 | –0.09 | 0.93 | Brain Vol X RR | –1.01 | –2.58 | 0.01 | Brain Vol X RR | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.90 |
Brain Vol X SPMS | –0.71 | –1.47 | 0.14 | Brain Vol X SPMS | –0.78 | –1.98 | 0.05 | Brain Vol X SPMS | –0.18 | –0.38 | 0.70 |
WMV X CIS | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.87 | WMV X CIS | –0.60 | –0.97 | 0.33 | WMV X CIS | –0.25 | –0.40 | 0.69 |
WMV X RR | 0.86 | 1.25 | 0.21 | WMV X RR | –0.44 | –0.78 | 0.44 | WMV X RR | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.61 |
WMV X SPMS | –0.12 | –0.20 | 0.84 | WMV X SPMS | –0.77 | –1.60 | 0.11 | WMV X SPMS | 1.25 | 2.19 | 0.03 |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.01 | Adjusted R-squared | 0.28 | Adjusted R-squared | 0.00 | ||||||
N | 732 | N | 759 | N | 757 | ||||||
Subcortical gray matter volume models | |||||||||||
Age | 0.03 | 0.74 | 0.46 | Age | –0.15 | –4.11 | 0.00 | Age | –0.01 | –0.19 | 0.85 |
Gender | –0.02 | –0.43 | 0.67 | Gender | 0.02 | 0.70 | 0.49 | Gender | –0.01 | –0.38 | 0.71 |
Subcortical Health* | 0.12 | 1.10 | 0.27 | Subcortical Health* | 0.35 | 4.01 | 0.00 | Subcortical Health* | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.91 |
Amygdala Vol. | –0.02 | –0.27 | 0.78 | Amygdala Vol. | –0.16 | –2.39 | 0.02 | Amygdala Vol. | 0.06 | 0.81 | 0.42 |
CIS | 0.00 | –0.01 | 1.00 | CIS | 0.60 | 1.26 | 0.21 | CIS | –0.27 | –0.45 | 0.65 |
RR | –0.27 | –0.47 | 0.64 | RR | 0.37 | 0.81 | 0.42 | RR | –0.03 | –0.05 | 0.96 |
SPMS | 0.37 | 0.72 | 0.47 | SPMS | 0.48 | 1.18 | 0.24 | SPMS | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.91 |
Subcortical X CIS | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.95 | Subcortical X CIS | –1.03 | –2.07 | 0.04 | Subcortical X CIS | 0.22 | 0.37 | 0.71 |
Subcortical X RR | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.79 | Subcortical X RR | –1.57 | –3.43 | 0.00 | Subcortical X RR | 0.24 | 0.44 | 0.66 |
Subcortical X SPMS | –0.64 | –1.26 | 0.21 | Subcortical X SPMS | –1.29 | –3.12 | 0.00 | Subcortical X SPMS | –0.03 | –0.06 | 0.95 |
Amygdala X CIS | –0.06 | –0.17 | 0.87 | Amygdala X CIS | 0.15 | 0.52 | 0.61 | Amygdala X CIS | –0.01 | –0.04 | 0.97 |
Amygdala X RR | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.83 | Amygdala X RR | 0.77 | 2.70 | 0.01 | Amygdala X RR | –0.27 | –0.79 | 0.43 |
Amygdala X SPMS | 0.19 | 0.58 | 0.56 | Amygdala X SPMS | 0.48 | 1.83 | 0.07 | Amygdala X SPMS | –0.04 | –0.12 | 0.90 |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.01 | Adjusted R-squared | 0.29 | Adjusted R-squared | –0.01 | ||||||
N | 731 | N | 758 | N | 756 |