Background
Methods
Study area
Field study
Results and discussion
Food plants
Taxon, family and voucher specimen code | Recorded Albanian folk name(s) | Recorded Macedonian folk name(s) | Status | Plant part(s) used | Traditional modalities of consumption and other recorded information | Alb | Mac |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allium cepa L. |
Qepa
|
Кромид
| C | AP; Bu | Raw and cooked (traditionally filling for pies made with corn flour - byrekALB/komatMAC) | + | + |
Amaryllidaceae | |||||||
Allium porrum L. |
Pras
|
Праз
| C | AP | Filling for pies | + | |
Amaryllidaceae | |||||||
Allium sativum L. |
Hurdhëra
|
Лук
| C | Bu | Seasoning | + | + |
Amaryllidaceae | |||||||
Atriplex hortensis L. | Laboda | Лабода, Лобода | C | L | Filling for pies | + | + |
Amaranthaceae | |||||||
Beta vulgaris L. | Panxhari | C | R | Ingredient for making halva* | + | ||
Amaranthaceae | |||||||
L | Filling for pies | + | |||||
Brassica oleracea L. |
Liakër, Liakra
|
Зелка, Расол
| C | L | Pickled/lacto-fermented in water and salt); the liquid resulting from of the lacto-fermentation (rasol) was eaten with bread by the poorest community members* | + | + |
Brassicaceae | |||||||
Sarma
| + | ||||||
L | Filling for pies | + | |||||
Capsicum annuum L. |
Spec
|
Пиперка
| C | Fr | Cooked | + | |
Solanaceae | |||||||
Lacto-fermented in water and salt or in yogurt ricotta | + | + | |||||
Castanea sativa Mill. | Kostenja | W | Fr | Boiled or roasted | + | + | |
Fagaceae | |||||||
CAME 26314 | |||||||
Cornus mas L. |
Thana
|
Дрен
| W | Fr | Fermented and distilled into raki | + | + |
Cornaceae | |||||||
CAME 26279 | |||||||
Fermented into vinegar | + | + | |||||
Syrup and compote (dried fruits boiled with water and sugar) | + | + | |||||
Concentrated syrup/soft jam (pekmez) | + | ||||||
Jam | + | ||||||
(Fermented?) beverage obtained boiling the fruits in water for a few hours (the resulting beverage is kind of a fruit soda, which is kept in the fridge or in the cellar; considered very healthy, is often consumed adding sugar) | + | ||||||
Corylus avellana L. | Leithija | Лешник | W | Se | Raw and dried | + | + |
Betulaceae | |||||||
CAME 26242 | |||||||
Crataegus monogynaJacq. |
Cut, Murriz
| Глогиня, Глогиня дива (C. monogyna), Глогиня питома (C. sericea) | W | Fr | Snack | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26280 | |||||||
Crataegus sericea Dzekov § | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26278 | |||||||
Fermented beverage | + | ||||||
Fermented into raki | + | ||||||
Cucumis sativus L. |
Kastravec
|
Kраставицa
| C | Fr | Pickled/lacto-fermented (in water and salt) | + | + |
Cucurbitaceae | |||||||
CAME 26291 | |||||||
Cucurbita maxima Duch | Kungull | Tиква | C | Fr | Filling for pies; pickled/lacto-fermented (in water and salt) | + | + |
Cucurbitaceae | |||||||
Cydonia oblonga Mill. | Ftoi | Дуња | C | Fr | Jams (sometimes prepared dipping in a preliminary procedure the fruits pieces in water and lime, then boiling with sugar, so that the fruit pieces remained hard at the end) | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26290 | |||||||
Compote (fruits boiled with water) | + | ||||||
Fermented (?) beverage obtained boiling the fruits in water for a few hours (the resulting beverage is kind of fruit soda, which is kept in the fridge or in the cellar | + | ||||||
Daucus carota L. | C | R | Lacto-fermented in water and salt | + | |||
Apiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26208 | |||||||
Fagus sylvatica L. |
Ahu
|
Бук
| W | K | Raw as snack (however, consumption of large amounts may generate headaches)* | + | + |
Fagaceae | |||||||
CAME 26249 | |||||||
Wo | Fuel for smoking meat | + | |||||
Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ex Rozier | Lule shtrydhe | C | Fr | Raw | + | ||
Rosaceae | |||||||
Fragaria vesca L. |
Derthea, Dirthene
|
Ягодка, Ягода
| W | Fr | Raw | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26247 | |||||||
Helianthus tuberosus L. | Шалгун | SD | T | Raw or cooked | + | ||
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26312 | |||||||
Hordeum vulgare L. | Elb | Jaчмен | C | Frfl | Bread (mixed with rye flour)* | + | |
Poaceae | |||||||
Fr | Roasted and decocted, as a kind of coffee | + | |||||
Juglans regia L. |
Arra
|
Орев
| SD; C | K | Raw, or various cakes | + | + |
Juglandaceae | |||||||
CAME 26238 | |||||||
Juniperus communis L. | Dllinja | Смрека | W | Fr | Fermented and distilled into raki | + | + |
Cupressaceae | |||||||
CAME 26253 | |||||||
Seasoning ingredient for lacto-fermented vegetables | + | ||||||
Lactuca sativa L. | Sallata | Лоштика | C | L | Raw of filling for pies | + | |
Asteraceae | |||||||
Malus domestica Borkh. | Molla (Molla e kuqe, Sterkinka) | Јаболка (италианска, кисели, Ренета, Штерка) | C | Fr | Raw and dried (hoshaf) | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26236 | |||||||
Sliced and dried; consumed boiled | + | ||||||
Fr | Fermented and distilled in raki | + | |||||
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. |
Molla e egër
|
Дива Јаболка
| W | Fr | Dried (hoshaf) | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26288 | |||||||
Fermented into vinegar | + | + | |||||
Medicago sativa L. | Jonxha | C | L | Cooked, as an emergency (famine) food* | + | ||
Fabaceae | |||||||
CAME 26292 | |||||||
Morus alba L. | Mani | Mурвинка | C | Fr | Jams and compote | + | |
Moraceae | |||||||
CAME 2631 | |||||||
Fermented and distilled into raki | + | ||||||
Phaseolus vulgaris L. |
Fasulja, Grosh
|
Грав
| C | Fr; Se | Cooked | + | + |
Fabaceae | |||||||
L | Filling for pies | + | |||||
Sarma
| + | ||||||
UF | Cooked, filling for pies | + | |||||
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. |
Kumbullë Elbasani, Kumbullë kokormadhe
|
Слива Елбасанска
| SD | Fr | Fermented and distilled in raki | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26266 | |||||||
Fermented (?) beverage obtained boiling the fruits in water for a few hours | + | ||||||
Jam | + | ||||||
Prunus avium (L.) L. |
Qershija
|
Цреша (питома)
| C | Fr | Raw | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26240 | |||||||
Prunus cerasus L. | |||||||
CAME 26298 | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
Jams | + | + | |||||
Compote (fruits boiled with water and sugar) | + | ||||||
Fermented (?) beverage obtained boiling the fruits in water for a few hours (the resulting beverage is kind of fruit soda, which is kept in the fridge or in the cellar) | + | ||||||
Dye for hard boiled eggs to which are consumed on St. George’s Day, as a good omen | + | ||||||
Prunus cerasus var. marasca (Host) Vis. | Qershija e egër | Дива цреша | W; C | Fr | Raw | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26299 | |||||||
Prunus cocomilia Ten. |
Дива слива
| W | Fr | Fermented and distilled into raki | + | ||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26277 | |||||||
Prunus domestica L. |
Kumbulla
| Слива (блага, магарица, жолта, синица) | C | Fr | Raw and dried | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26239 | |||||||
Fermented and distilled into raki | + | + | |||||
Jam | + | + | |||||
Fermented (?) beverage obtained boiling the fruits in water for a few hours (the resulting beverage is kind of fruit soda, which is kept in the fridge or in the cellar) | + | ||||||
Prunus spinosa L. | Kolumbria, Kurmulia | Дива слива | W | Fr | Gathered after the frost and consumed raw as snack, or fermented and distilled into raki, or transformed into a compote | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26260 | |||||||
Pyrus communis L. |
Dardha
|
Kруша
| C | Fr | Raw and dried | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26306 | |||||||
Compote (fruits boiled with water and sugar) | + | ||||||
Jam | + | ||||||
Fermented and distilled into raki | + | ||||||
Fermented (?) beverage obtained boiling the fruits in water for a few hours (the resulting beverage is kind of fruit soda, which is kept in the fridge or in the cellar) | + | ||||||
Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. |
Dhardhë e egër, Gorrica
|
Дива круша
| W | Fr | Gathered after the frost, ripened on straw, and consumed dried or in compote | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26244 | |||||||
Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26316 | |||||||
Jam | + | ||||||
Ribes multiflorum Kit. ex Roem. et Schult. | Диво грозje | W | Fr | Snack | + | ||
Grossulariaceae | |||||||
CAME 26263 | |||||||
Rubus idaeus L. | Малина | W; C | Fr | Snack | + | ||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAM 26321 | |||||||
Syrup and compote (fruits boiled with water) | + | ||||||
Rubus hirtus Waldst. et Kit. |
Fermoza, Manaferra
|
Капина
| W | Fr | Raw and jams | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26258 | |||||||
Rubus ulmifolius Schott | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26310 | |||||||
Rubus caesius L. | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26245 | |||||||
Syrup and compote (fruits boiled with water) | + | ||||||
Fermented and distilled in raki | + | ||||||
Rumex acetosa L. | Ufull, Uthull | Киселец | W | L | Boiled, then in filling for pies (byrekALB/komatMAC) or as vegetables cooked with rice and dairy products (buranjeALB/zeljeMAC); traditionally dried and then used during the whole winter | + | |
Polygonaceae | |||||||
CAME 26243 | |||||||
Rumex conglomeratus
| |||||||
Murray | |||||||
CAME 26286 | |||||||
Polygonaceae | |||||||
Infusion: to be used for preparing yogurt (if starter culture is missing) | + | ||||||
L; St | Snack | + | + | ||||
Rumex patientia L. |
Lepjeta
|
Щавел
| W | L | Boiled, then used filling for pies or as vegetables cooked with dairy products; traditionally dried and then used during the winter | + | + |
Polygonaceae | |||||||
CAME 26285 | |||||||
Secale cereale L. |
Thekna
|
Рж
| C | Frfl | Mixed with corn flour: bread, esp. in the past* | + | + |
Poaceae | |||||||
Fr | Roasted and decocted, as a kind of coffee | + | |||||
Solanum lycopersicum L. |
Domate, Patlixhan kuqe
|
Црвени патлиџани
| C | UF | Lacto-fermented in water and salt | + | + |
Solanaceae | |||||||
Fr | Raw and cooked | + | + | ||||
L | Cooked (emergency/famine food)* | + | |||||
Solanum melongena L. | Patlixhan i zezë | Црни патлиџани | C | Fr | Cooked | + | |
Solanaceae | |||||||
Solanum tuberosum L. |
Patate
|
Компири
| C | T | Cooked | + | + |
Solanaceae | |||||||
YL | Filling for pies (only in the past among Albanians)*. The bitter taste is particularly appreciated by the Macedonian communities; young potatoe leaves are the most common filling for the traditional pie (komat) in June, after the young nettle’s season end | + | + | ||||
Sarma
| + | ||||||
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H. Wigg. | Qumështore | Млечак, Млекаица, Жело | W | L | Salads | + | |
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26289 | |||||||
Urtica dioica L. |
Hjeth, Hisel, Hithra, Hith
|
Коприва
| W | YL | Boiled, then used in filling for pies or cooked with rice and dairy products | + | + |
Urticaceae | |||||||
CAME 26262 | |||||||
Vaccinium myrtillus L. |
Borovnica, Rrush i egër
|
Диво грозje, Цршине
| W | Fr | Snack | + | + |
Ericaceae | |||||||
Fermented into a fruit soda-like beverage | + | ||||||
Compote | + | ||||||
Vitis labrusca L. | Rrush (variety Çelek) | Грозje (Шилек) | C | Fr | Fermented into wine or vinegar | + | + |
Vitaceae | |||||||
CAME 26265 | |||||||
Concentrated juice (pekmez) | + | ||||||
Fermented (?) beverage obtained boiling the fruits in water for a few hours (the resulting beverage is kind of fruit soda, which is kept in the fridge or in the cellar | + | ||||||
L |
Sarma
| + | + | ||||
Zea mays L. |
Misër
|
Пченка
| C | Frfl | Bread, pies | + | + |
Poaceae | |||||||
YL | Filling for pies | + | |||||
Diverse tree species | W; C | WA | Added to flour, water, and eggs for producing home-made noodles (jufka) | + | |||
As a disinfectant, rubbed onto the sheep’s stomach before it is cooked and eaten | + | ||||||
Added to water when boiling corn | + |
Medicinal plants
Taxon, family and voucher specimen code | Folk name(s) recorded among Albanians | Folk name(s) recorded among Macedonians | Status | Plant part(s) used | Recorded modalities of medicinal uses(s) and treated pathologies | Alb | Mac |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achillea collina (Becker ex Rchb.f.) Heimerl | Бело цвеkе | W | Fl | Decoction: cicatrizing on wounds | + | ||
Asteraceae | |||||||
Achillea millefolium L. | |||||||
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26294 | |||||||
Allium cepa L. | # | # | C | J | Instilled in the ear for treating earaches | + | |
Amaryllidaceae | |||||||
Allium porrum L. | # | # | C | AP | Heated, mixed with water and salt, to externally treat chilblains | + | |
Amaryllidaceae | |||||||
J | Instilled in the ear for treating earaches | + | |||||
Allium sativum L. | # | # | C | Bu | Consumed as an anti-hypertensive | + | + |
Amaryllidaceae | |||||||
To be worn as amulet against the evil-eye in the or in necklaces (sysh, naok) | + | + | |||||
Arum italicum Mill. | Shakulliza | W | Fr | Infusion: arthritis | + | ||
Araceae | |||||||
Asplenium trichomanes L. | Fier guri | W | L | Infusion: diuretic | + | + | |
Aspleniaceae | |||||||
CAME 26293 | |||||||
Bovista sp. |
Fenë arrushe, Fushkaica
|
Пуша
| W | DFB | Externally applied on wounds | + | + |
Agaricaceae | |||||||
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | Овцец | W | AP | Fodder | + | ||
Asteraceae | |||||||
Cornus mas L. | # | # | W | Fr | Consumed as snack for strengthening the heart | + | |
Cornaceae | |||||||
CAME 26279 | |||||||
Fermented into vinegar, applied on the breast: anti-fever | + | ||||||
Fermented and distilled in raki, drunk: anti-asthmatic; believed to able to treat “seven” diseases | + | ||||||
FB | As part of the lule ditvere (“flower of the summer”) bunch, which is hang in March on the churn and on the stable doors, as a good omen for the diary production | + | + | ||||
Corylus avellana L. | # | # | W | FB | As part of the lule ditvere (“flower of the summer”) bunch, which is hung in March on the churn, as a good omen for the dairy production | + | |
Betulaceae | |||||||
CAME 26242 | |||||||
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | # | # | W | Th | Externally applied: for treating snake bites | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26280 | |||||||
Crataegus sericea Dzekov§ | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26278 | |||||||
L; F | Infusion: for treating headaches, insomnia, hypertension, anti-rheumatic, anti-cancer | + | |||||
Fr | Decoction: cardiotonic, stomachaches, anti-fever, anti-rheumatic | + | |||||
FB | As part of the lule ditvere (“flower of the summer”) bunch, which is hung in March on the churn and on the stable doors, as a good omen for the dairy production; same at St. George’s day (May 6th ) | + | |||||
Cruciata laevipes Opiz | Gjak edhe qumësht | W | AP | Crushed, mixed with salt, and given as fodder to the sheep at St. George’s Day (May 6th): considered propitiatory for the good health of the animals | + | ||
Rubiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26276 | |||||||
Cydonia oblonga Mill. | # | # | C | L | Infusion: stomachache | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26290 | |||||||
Euphorbia characias L. |
Rrydh, Shpengull
|
Лишај
| W | R | As part of the lule ditvere (“flower of the summer”) bunch, which is hang on the churn, as a good omen for the diary production | + | + |
Euphorbiaceae | |||||||
CAME 2628 | |||||||
Fraxinus excelsior L. | Jасика | W | L | Infusion: diuretic | + | ||
Oleaceae | |||||||
CAME 26304 | |||||||
Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd. |
Kukurek, Lule ditvere
|
Кукурек
| W | R | Inserted on the horse ear: panacea | + | |
Ranunculaceae | |||||||
CAME 26282 | |||||||
F | As part of the lule ditvere (“flower of the summer”) bunch, which is hang on the churn, as a good omen for the dairy production | + | + | ||||
Helichrysum plicatum DC. and other Helichrysum species | Borsillok i verdhë |
Свилен
| W | FAP | Infusion: appetizing, stomachaches, as a digestive, anti-diarrheal, cardiotonic, diuretic, anti-moths | + | |
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26274 | |||||||
Infusion: hepatitis | + | ||||||
Hypericum perforatum L. |
Балсам
| W | FAP | Infusion: stomachache | + | ||
Hypericaceae | |||||||
CAME 26270 | |||||||
Juglans regia L. | # | # | SD | UF | Infusion: for treating hyperthyroidism | + | |
Juglandaceae | |||||||
CAME 26238 | |||||||
Crushed, externally applied on the hair as dyeing agent | + | + | |||||
Juniperus communis L. | # | # | W | Fr | Infusion: diuretic, stomach-aches, anti-cold, bechic | + | |
Cupressaceae | |||||||
CAME 26253 | |||||||
Fermented and distilled into raki, which is drunk for treating asthma | + | ||||||
Juniperus oxycedrus L. | Смрека | W | Fr | Infusion: bechic | + | ||
Cupressaceae | |||||||
CAME 26267 | |||||||
Malus domestica Borkh. | # | # | C | Fr | Sliced and dried; consumed boiled for treating stomachache | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26236 | |||||||
Malva sylvestris L. | Леблебија | W | Fr | Snack | + | ||
Malvaceae | |||||||
CAME 26295 | |||||||
Matricaria chamomilla L. | Kamomill | W | FT | Infusion: recreational | + | ||
Asteraceae | |||||||
Melissa officinalis L. | Bosillek Micël | C | AP | Infusion: headaches | + | ||
Lamiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26235 | |||||||
Infusion in external washes for newlyweds, as a good omen | + | ||||||
High dosage to be avoided by males, who could lose their libido | + | ||||||
Nicotiana tabacum L. | Duhan | C | L | Dried and ground (tobacco), externally applied on wounds | + | ||
Solanaceae | |||||||
Orchis spp. |
Salep
|
Салеп
| W | R | Dried, powdered, then in decoction: panacea, reconstituent (often consumed with bread); to improve fertility in males | + | + |
Orchidaceae | |||||||
Dried, powdered, then in decoction: hepatitis | + | ||||||
Origanum vulgare L. |
Bozillek i malit, Çaj i malit, Çaj i zi, Çaj veni
|
Планински чај
| W | FT | Infusion: recreational, anti-flu, bechic | + | + |
Lamiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26233 | |||||||
Infusion: anti-hepatitis | + | ||||||
Infusion: for treating stomachaches, panacea | + | ||||||
Phaseolus vulgaris L. | # | # | C | Se | Half beans are applied on the skin affected by a dog bite; when the beans fall off, the wound is healed | + | |
Fabaceae | |||||||
Plantago lanceolata L. |
Bar prenash, Dell, Lulë dheli, Premie
|
Жилавец
| W | L | Crushed and topically applied on wounds: haemostatic | + | + |
Plantaginaceae | |||||||
CAME 26284 | |||||||
Plantago major L. | |||||||
CAME 26261 | |||||||
Plantaginaceae | |||||||
Infusion: for treating stomachaches | + | ||||||
Primula veris L. |
Lulë aguliçe, Lula dasht, Sgarifet
|
Гороцвеке
| W | FAP | Infusion: panacea, cough | + | |
Primulaceae | |||||||
CAME 26317 | |||||||
Infusion: intestinal troubles in kids | + | ||||||
Infusion: externally applied on eye inflammations | + | ||||||
Prunus domestica L. | # | # | C | Fr | Fermented and distilled in raki, topically applied, especially for wounds | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26239 | |||||||
Fermented and distilled into raki, which is drunk hot with sugar for treating cold | + | ||||||
Fermented and distilled into raki, externally applied with salt for treating toothache | + | ||||||
Prunus spinosa L. | # | W | Fr | Infusion: anti-rheumatic and anti-fever | + | ||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26260 | |||||||
Infusion: stomachache anti-diarrheal | + | ||||||
Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. | # | # | W | Fr | Decoction of the dried fruits with sugar: stomachaches | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26244 | |||||||
Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26316 | |||||||
Ribes multiflorum Kit. ex Roem. et Schult. | # | W | Fr | Consumed as snack and for treating digestive discomfort | + | ||
Grossulariaceae | |||||||
CAME 26263 | |||||||
Rosa canina L. s.l. |
Karametha, Kroc, Kroza
|
Шипинка
| W | Fr | Infusion: panacea | + | + |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26237 | |||||||
Infusion: anti-diarrheal, stomachaches | + | ||||||
Infusion: sore throats, bechic, flu | + | + | |||||
Infusion: to treat “seven diseases”, blood depurative, diuretic, cardiotonic, anti-fever | + | ||||||
Rubus hirtus Waldst. et Kit. | # | # | W | Fr | Oleolite in topical application: anti-haemorrhoidal | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26258 | |||||||
Rubus ulmifolius Schott | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26310 | |||||||
Rubus caesius L. | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26245 | |||||||
Fermented and distilled into raki, which is considered cardiotonic | + | ||||||
L | Infusion: for treating stomachaches, anti-diarrheal, esp. in children | + | |||||
Sh | Externally applied on skin for treating infections | + | |||||
Sambucus ebulus L. | Див боз | W | Fr | Externally for treating herpes | + | ||
Adoxaceae | |||||||
CAME 26254 | |||||||
Sideritis raeseri Boiss. et Heldr. | Çai i bardhë, Çai mali | W | FAP | Infusion: flu | + | ||
Lamiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26281 | |||||||
Solanum tuberosum L. | # | # | C | T | Externally applied (in slices) for treating eye inflammations or head-aches* | + | |
Solanaceae | |||||||
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H. Wigg. | # | # | W | Fl | As part of the lule ditvere (“flower of the summer”) bunch, which is hung on the churn, as a good omen for the diary production | + | |
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26289 | |||||||
Thymus longicaulis C. Presl. | Полски чаj | W | AP | Infusion: panacea | + | ||
Lamiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26272 | |||||||
Tilia platyphyllos Scop. |
Çaj blini
|
Пушала
| W | Fl | Infusion: panacea | + | + |
Malvaceae | |||||||
CAME 26241 | |||||||
Infusion: recreational, flu | + | ||||||
Ulmus minor Mill. and other Ulmus spp. | Vidh | W | G | Infusion: anti-hepatitis | + | ||
Ulmaceae | |||||||
CAME 26303 | |||||||
Urtica dioica L. | # | # | W | L | Externally rubbed on the affected part (eventually with salt): anti-rheumatic | + | |
Urticaceae | |||||||
CAME 26262 | |||||||
L; R | Infusion: anti-rheumatic | + | + | ||||
YL | Cooked with rice with rice, eggs, and dairy products (buranjeALB/zeljeMAC), as post-partum reconstituent | + | |||||
AP | Externally applied for treating bruises | + | + | ||||
Externally rubbed on breasts in cows affected by the evil-eye | + | ||||||
R | Decoction: anti-rheumatic | + | |||||
Vaccinium myrtillus L. | # | # | W | Fr | Snack for treating stomachache | + | |
Ericaceae | |||||||
Infusion: anti-fever | + | ||||||
Verbascum longifolium Ten. | Допушке | W | L | Infusion: flu | + | ||
Scrophulariaceae | |||||||
CAME 26287 | |||||||
Diverse tree species | W; C | WC | Hot charcoal put in water and the resulting liquid in external washes on the face of the child suffering from the evil-eye; or thrown on the person suspected to be the gazer | + | |||
WC | Powdered and applied on the mom’s breast to wean the baby* | + | |||||
Diverse tree species | W; C | DW | Smoked, as a deterrent for bees and then anti-bites | + | |||
WA | Externally applied (warm) on the cheek for treating toothache or on the neck for treating tonsillitis | + | |||||
Not identified | Млечка | W | AP | Infusion: hepatitis | + |
Veterinary plants
Taxon, family and voucher specimen code | Folk name(s) recorded among Albanians | Folk name(s) recorded among Macedonians | Status | Plant part(s) used | Recorded local use(s)/perceptions(s) | Alb | Mac |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acer campestre L. | Клен | W | Br | Fodder (goats) | + | ||
Sapindaceae | |||||||
CAME 26252 | |||||||
Acer pseudoplatanus L. | Jавор | W | Br | Fodder | + | ||
Sapindaceae | |||||||
CAME 26313 | |||||||
Achillea millefolium L. | = | = | W | FAP | Infusion: for treating rumination troubles | + | |
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26294 | |||||||
Allium sativum L. | # | # | C | Bu | In necklaces to be worn on the cow’s horns against the evil-eye (sysh, naok); evil-eye symptoms include the animal not producing milk | + | + |
Amaryllidaceae | |||||||
Crushed, mixed with salt, and given as fodder to the sheep on St. George’s Day (May 6th): considered propitiatory for the good health of the animals | + | ||||||
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | Габор | W | Br | Fodder | + | ||
Betulaceae | |||||||
CAME 26307 | |||||||
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. | Kokuta | W | AP | Fodder | + | ||
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26296 | |||||||
Arctium lappa L. | |||||||
Asteraceae | |||||||
Avena sativa L. | Овес | C | Fr | Fodder, esp. considered good for the horse’s coat | + | ||
Poaceae | |||||||
Beta vulgaris L. | # | # | C | L | Fodder (raw or in decoctions) | + | + |
Amaranthaceae | |||||||
Bovista sp. | = | = | W | DFB | Externally applied on wounds as an haemostatic (horses) | + | |
Agaricaceae | |||||||
Capsicum annuum L. | # | # | C | Fr | Lacto-fermented; the resulting fruits opened and externally applied on the forehead for treating headaches | + | |
Solanaceae | |||||||
Carpinus orientalis Mill. | Shkoza | Шкоз | W | Br | Fodder at St. George’s Day (considered as a good omen) | + | |
Betulaceae | |||||||
CAME 26301 | |||||||
Chelidonium majus L. | Gjak edhe qumësht | W | AP | Crushed, mixed with salt, and given as fodder to the sheep on St. George’s Day (May 6th): considered propitiatory for the good health of the animals, but also as a blood depurative and galactagogue | + | ||
Papaveraceae | |||||||
CAME 26250 | |||||||
Chenopodium album L. | Llabot | W | AP | Fodder | + | ||
Amaranthaceae | |||||||
CAME 26300 | |||||||
Clematis vitalba L. | Kurpna | Повит | W | AP | Fodder | + | |
Ranunculaceae | |||||||
CAME 26259 | |||||||
Cornus mas L. | # | # | W | Fl | Honey plant | + | |
Cornaceae | |||||||
CAME 26279 | |||||||
Corylus avellana L. | # | # | W | Fl | Honey plant | + | |
Betulaceae | |||||||
CAME 26242 | |||||||
Br | Fodder (sheep and goats) | + | |||||
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | # | # | W | Fl | Honey plant | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26280 | |||||||
Crataegus sericea Dzekov§ | |||||||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26278 | |||||||
FB | Hung on churns and stable doors on St. George’s Day (May 6th) as a good omen for the dairy production | + | |||||
Cruciata laevipes Opiz | = | W | AP | Crushed, mixed with salt, and given as fodder to the sheep on St. George’s Day (May 6th): considered propitiatory for the good health of the animals | + | ||
Rubiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26276 | |||||||
Cucurbita maxima Duch. | # | # | C | Fr | Fodder | + | |
Cucurbitaceae | |||||||
Cydonia oblonga Mill. | # | # | C | Fl | Honey plant | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26290 | |||||||
L | Infusion: stomachache | ||||||
FB | Hung on churns and stable doors on St. George’s Day (May 6th) as a good omen for the dairy production | + | |||||
Euphorbia characias L. | # | W | WP | Considered poisonous and irritating the skin | + | ||
Euphorbiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26283 | |||||||
Fagus sylvatica L. | # | # | W | Fr | Fodder (esp. sheep) | + | + |
Fagaceae | |||||||
CAME 26249 | |||||||
L | Fodder, esp. for sheep and equines | + | + | ||||
Wo | Burned, as repellent for the bees when removing honey from the hives | ||||||
Fraxinus excelsior L. | = | W | Br | Fodder for sheep | + | ||
Oleaceae | |||||||
CAME 26304 | |||||||
Helleborus odorus Waldst. et Kit. ex Willd. | = | = | W | AP | Ritually hung on doors and gates on March 13th as a good omen | + | + |
Ranunculaceae | |||||||
CAME 26282 | |||||||
R | Inserted on the horse ear: panacea | + | |||||
BFAP | Hung on the entry gates (to homes and stables), or on the churn on St. George's Day (May 6th): considered a good omen | + | + | ||||
Helichrysum plicatum DC. and other Helichrysum spp. | = | = | W | FAP | Infusion: for treating rumination troubles and diarrhea; kerato-conjunctivitis in sheep | + | |
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26274 | |||||||
Hordeum vulgare L. | Jачмен | C | Fr | Fodder, esp. considered good for improving the beauty of horse’s coat | + | ||
Poaceae | |||||||
Malus domestica Borkh. | # | # | C | L | Fodder for goats | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26236 | |||||||
FB | Hung on churns and stable doors on St. George’s Day (May 6th) as a good omen for the dairy production | + | |||||
Medicago sativa L. | Jonxha Njonxhë | C | AP | Fodder; considered good for improving the beauty of horse’s coat | + | + | |
Fabaceae | |||||||
CAME 26292 | |||||||
AP | Galactagogue for animals | + | |||||
Melissa officinalis L. | = | = | W | Fl | Honey plant | + | |
Lamiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26235 | |||||||
Populus nigra L. | Plepi | W | L | Fodder | + | ||
Salicaceae | |||||||
CAME 26302 | |||||||
Primula veris L. | = | = | W | FAP | Hung on churns and stable doors on St. George’s Day (May 6th) as a good omen | + | |
Primulaceae | |||||||
CAME 26317 | |||||||
Prunus avium (L.) L. | # | # | W | Br | Fodder | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26240 | |||||||
Prunus domestica L. | # | # | C | L | Fodder for goats | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26239 | |||||||
Prunus cerasus L. | # | # | C | Br | Fodder | + | |
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26298 | |||||||
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn | Fier | W | L | Bedding for animals | + | ||
Dennstaedtiaceae | |||||||
CAME 26315 | |||||||
Quercus cerris L. |
Bung, Çarri, Dushk, Lis
|
Добк
| W | Fr | Fodder for sheep and goats | + | + |
Fagaceae | |||||||
CAME 26256 | |||||||
Quercus frainetto Ten. | |||||||
Fagaceae | |||||||
CAME 26246 | |||||||
Br | Dried, and stored in loft: fodder | + | + | ||||
W | Sa | Externally instilled in the ear for treating earaches | + | ||||
Robinia pseudoacacia L. | Akac, Bagren | W | Fl | Honey plant | + | ||
Fabaceae | |||||||
CAME 26305 | |||||||
Rosa canina L. s.l. | W | Fl | Honey plant | + | |||
Rosaceae | |||||||
CAME 26237 | |||||||
Salix alba L. | Shelçë, Shelgë | W | L | Fodder for goats | + | ||
CAME 26251 | |||||||
Salicaceae | |||||||
Salix eleagnos Scop. | |||||||
Salicaceae | |||||||
CAME 26248 | |||||||
Salix purpurea L. | |||||||
Salicaceae | |||||||
CAMNE 26255 | |||||||
W | Fl | Honey plant | + | ||||
Salvia verticillata L. |
Gombelik, Lule bulli
|
Гомбели
| W | AP | Fodder | + | + |
Lamiaceae | |||||||
Sambucus ebulus L. | = | = | W | Fr | Externally for treating wounds in sheep | + | |
Adoxaceae | |||||||
CAME 26254 | |||||||
Consumed by cats and dogs on their own when they do not feel well | + | ||||||
Fr | Fermented and distilled into raki (rare) | + | |||||
Secale cereale L. | # | # | C | St | Galactagogue for animals (esp. given to the cows one month before giving birth) | + | + |
Poaceae | |||||||
Solanum tuberosum L. | # | # | C | T | Fodder | + | |
Solanaceae | |||||||
Syringa vulgaris L. | Jоргован | C | FB | Hung on churns and stable doors on St. George’s Day (May 6th) as a good omen for the dairy production | + | ||
Oleaceae | |||||||
CAME 26309 | |||||||
Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. et Kit.) Sch. Bip. | Вратика | W | AP | Together with nettles, this is rubbed on the goat’s mammaries on St. George’s day (May 6th) to improve milk production | + | ||
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26269 | |||||||
Tanacetum vulgare L. | W | AP | Hung on churns and stable doors on St. George’s Day (May 6th) as a good omen for the dairy production | + | |||
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26268 | |||||||
Mixed with salt and given to sheep who are thirsty | + | ||||||
Fodder | + | ||||||
Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H. Wigg. | # | # | W | Fl | Crushed, mixed with salt, and ritually given as fodder to the animals on St. George’s Day (May 6th): considered a good omen and galactagogue | + | |
Asteraceae | |||||||
CAME 26289 | |||||||
Honey plant | + | ||||||
Trifolium pratense L. | Detelina | W | L | Fodder for sheep | + | + | |
Fabaceae | |||||||
CAME 26297, | |||||||
Trifolium incarnatum L. ssp. molineri (Hornem.) Ces. | |||||||
Fabaceae | |||||||
CAME 26318, and other Trifolium spp. | |||||||
Fabaceae | |||||||
Honey plant | + | ||||||
Urtica dioica L. | # | # | W | AP | Rubbed onto the mammaries of cows affected by the Evil-Eye | + | |
Urticaceae | |||||||
CAME 26262 | |||||||
Together with Tanacetum macrophyllum, this is rubbed onto goat mammaries on St. George’s day (May 6th) to improve milk production | + | ||||||
Hung on churns and stable doors on St. George’s Day (May 6th) as a good omen for dairy production | + | ||||||
Fodder | + | ||||||
Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. | Уров | C | Se | Fodder | + | ||
Fabaceae | |||||||
Zea mays L. | # | # | C | Fr | Fodder, esp. for increasing the growth speed of lambs and for improving the coat of horses | + | + |
Poaceae | |||||||
Galactagogue for all animals | + | ||||||
Diverse tree species | W; C | WA | Repellent against other insects in the bee hives | + | |||
Not identified | Лула манушаче | W | FAP | Hung on home gates, churns and stable doors on St. George’s Day (May 6th) as a good omen | + | ||
Not identified | Spenger | W | R | Inserted on the animal ear for treating diverse diseases | + |