Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Osteoporosis Reports 1/2014

01.03.2014 | Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (PR Ebeling and EF Eriksen, Section Editors)

Review: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Atypical Femur Fractures

verfasst von: Alvin C. Ng, Meng Ai Png, David T. Chua, Joyce S. B. Koh, Tet Sen Howe

Erschienen in: Current Osteoporosis Reports | Ausgabe 1/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The recent recognition of the clinical phenomenon of atypical femoral fractures has garnered significant scientific interest. In this review, we will discuss and summarize the salient developments in the current understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and radiology of atypical femoral fractures.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Nieves JW, Cosman F. Atypical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures and possible association with bisphosphonates. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010;8:34–9.PubMedCrossRef Nieves JW, Cosman F. Atypical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures and possible association with bisphosphonates. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010;8:34–9.PubMedCrossRef
2.••
Zurück zum Zitat Shane E, Burr D, Ebeling PR, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25:2267–94. This is the seminal report from the task force commissioned by the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research, which proposed the original case definition and summarized the collective experience and published data on AFFs. Shane E, Burr D, Ebeling PR, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25:2267–94. This is the seminal report from the task force commissioned by the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research, which proposed the original case definition and summarized the collective experience and published data on AFFs.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumm DA, Rack C, Rutt J. Subtrochanteric stress fracture of the femur following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:580–3.PubMedCrossRef Kumm DA, Rack C, Rutt J. Subtrochanteric stress fracture of the femur following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:580–3.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Husada G, Libberecht K, Peeters T, Populaire J. Bilateral mid-diaphyseal femoral stress fractures in the elderly. Eur J Trauma. 2005;31:68–71.CrossRef Husada G, Libberecht K, Peeters T, Populaire J. Bilateral mid-diaphyseal femoral stress fractures in the elderly. Eur J Trauma. 2005;31:68–71.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Somford MP, Draijer FW, Thomassen BJ, Chavassieux PM, Boivin G, Papapoulos SE. Bilateral fractures of the femur diaphysis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on long-term treatment with alendronate: clues to the mechanism of increased bone fragility. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1736–40.PubMedCrossRef Somford MP, Draijer FW, Thomassen BJ, Chavassieux PM, Boivin G, Papapoulos SE. Bilateral fractures of the femur diaphysis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on long-term treatment with alendronate: clues to the mechanism of increased bone fragility. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1736–40.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Odvina CV, Levy S, Rao S, Zerwekh JE, Sudhaker Rao D. Unusual mid-shaft fractures during long term bisphosphonate therapy. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;72:161–8.CrossRef Odvina CV, Levy S, Rao S, Zerwekh JE, Sudhaker Rao D. Unusual mid-shaft fractures during long term bisphosphonate therapy. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;72:161–8.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Sayed-Noor AS, Sjoden GO. Case reports: two femoral insufficiency fractures after long-term alendronate therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:1921–6.PubMedCrossRef Sayed-Noor AS, Sjoden GO. Case reports: two femoral insufficiency fractures after long-term alendronate therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467:1921–6.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Odvina CV, Zerwekh JE, Rao DS, Maalouf N, Gottschalk FA, Pak CY. Severely suppressed bone turnover: a potential complication of alendronate therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1294–301.PubMedCrossRef Odvina CV, Zerwekh JE, Rao DS, Maalouf N, Gottschalk FA, Pak CY. Severely suppressed bone turnover: a potential complication of alendronate therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1294–301.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Goh SK, Yang KY, Koh JS, Wong MK, Chua SY, Chua DT, et al. Subtrochanteric insufficiency fractures in patients on alendronate therapy: a caution. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89:349–53.PubMedCrossRef Goh SK, Yang KY, Koh JS, Wong MK, Chua SY, Chua DT, et al. Subtrochanteric insufficiency fractures in patients on alendronate therapy: a caution. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89:349–53.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Salminen S, Pihlajamaki H, Avikainen V, Kyro A, Bostman O. Specific features associated with femoral shaft fractures caused by low-energy trauma. J Trauma. 1997;43:117–22.PubMedCrossRef Salminen S, Pihlajamaki H, Avikainen V, Kyro A, Bostman O. Specific features associated with femoral shaft fractures caused by low-energy trauma. J Trauma. 1997;43:117–22.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Neviaser AS, Lane JM, Lenart BA, Edobor-Osula F, Lorich DG. Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use. J Orthop Trauma. 2008;22:346–50.PubMedCrossRef Neviaser AS, Lane JM, Lenart BA, Edobor-Osula F, Lorich DG. Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use. J Orthop Trauma. 2008;22:346–50.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Ing-Lorenzini K, Desmeules J, Plachta O, Suva D, Dayer P, Peter R. Low-energy femoral fractures associated with the long-term use of bisphosphonates: a case series from a Swiss university hospital. Drug Saf. 2009;32:775–85.PubMedCrossRef Ing-Lorenzini K, Desmeules J, Plachta O, Suva D, Dayer P, Peter R. Low-energy femoral fractures associated with the long-term use of bisphosphonates: a case series from a Swiss university hospital. Drug Saf. 2009;32:775–85.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Visekruna M, Wilson D, McKiernan FE. Severely suppressed bone turnover and atypical skeletal fragility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2948–52.PubMedCrossRef Visekruna M, Wilson D, McKiernan FE. Severely suppressed bone turnover and atypical skeletal fragility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2948–52.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Capeci CM, Tejwani NC. Bilateral low-energy simultaneous or sequential femoral fractures in patients on long-term alendronate therapy. J Bone Joint Surg. 2009;91:2556–61.PubMedCrossRef Capeci CM, Tejwani NC. Bilateral low-energy simultaneous or sequential femoral fractures in patients on long-term alendronate therapy. J Bone Joint Surg. 2009;91:2556–61.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Demiralp B, Ilgan S, Ozgur Karacalioglu A, Cicek EI, Yildrim D, Erler K. Bilateral femoral insuffiency fractures treated with inflatable intramedullary nails: a case report. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127:597–601.PubMedCrossRef Demiralp B, Ilgan S, Ozgur Karacalioglu A, Cicek EI, Yildrim D, Erler K. Bilateral femoral insuffiency fractures treated with inflatable intramedullary nails: a case report. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007;127:597–601.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwek EB, Goh SK, Koh JS, Png MA, Howe TS. An emerging pattern of subtrochanteric stress fractures: a long-term complication of alendronate therapy? Injury. 2008;39:224–31.PubMedCrossRef Kwek EB, Goh SK, Koh JS, Png MA, Howe TS. An emerging pattern of subtrochanteric stress fractures: a long-term complication of alendronate therapy? Injury. 2008;39:224–31.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider JP. Should bisphosphonates be continued indefinitely? An unusual fracture in a healthy woman on long-term alendronate. Geriatrics. 2006;61:31–3.PubMed Schneider JP. Should bisphosphonates be continued indefinitely? An unusual fracture in a healthy woman on long-term alendronate. Geriatrics. 2006;61:31–3.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee P, van der Wall H, Seibel MJ. Looking beyond low bone mineral density: multiple insufficiency fractures in a woman with postmenopausal osteoporosis on alendronate therapy. J Endocrinol Investig. 2007;30:590–7. Lee P, van der Wall H, Seibel MJ. Looking beyond low bone mineral density: multiple insufficiency fractures in a woman with postmenopausal osteoporosis on alendronate therapy. J Endocrinol Investig. 2007;30:590–7.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheung RK, Leung KK, Lee KC, Chow TC. Sequential nontraumatic femoral shaft fractures in a patient on long-term alendronate. Hong Kong Med J. 2007;13:485–9.PubMed Cheung RK, Leung KK, Lee KC, Chow TC. Sequential nontraumatic femoral shaft fractures in a patient on long-term alendronate. Hong Kong Med J. 2007;13:485–9.PubMed
20.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Eastell R. Cumulative alendronate dose and the long-term absolute risk of subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femur fractures: a register-based national cohort analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:5258–65.PubMedCrossRef Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Eastell R. Cumulative alendronate dose and the long-term absolute risk of subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femur fractures: a register-based national cohort analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:5258–65.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Eastell R. Subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femur fractures in patients treated with alendronate: a register-based national cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1095–102.PubMedCrossRef Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Eastell R. Subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femur fractures in patients treated with alendronate: a register-based national cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1095–102.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsiao FY, Huang WF, Chen YM, Wen YW, Kao YH, Chen LK, et al. Hip and subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femoral fractures in alendronate users: a 10-year, nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwanese women. Clin Ther. 2011;33:1659–67.PubMedCrossRef Hsiao FY, Huang WF, Chen YM, Wen YW, Kao YH, Chen LK, et al. Hip and subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femoral fractures in alendronate users: a 10-year, nationwide retrospective cohort study in Taiwanese women. Clin Ther. 2011;33:1659–67.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim SY, Schneeweiss S, Katz JN, Levin R, Solomon DH. Oral bisphosphonates and risk of subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femur fractures in a population-based cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26:993–1001.PubMedCrossRef Kim SY, Schneeweiss S, Katz JN, Levin R, Solomon DH. Oral bisphosphonates and risk of subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femur fractures in a population-based cohort. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26:993–1001.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Nieves JW, Bilezikian JP, Lane JM, Einhorn TA, Wang Y, Steinbuch M, et al. Fragility fractures of the hip and femur: incidence and patient characteristics. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21:399–408.PubMedCrossRef Nieves JW, Bilezikian JP, Lane JM, Einhorn TA, Wang Y, Steinbuch M, et al. Fragility fractures of the hip and femur: incidence and patient characteristics. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21:399–408.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Z, Bhattacharyya T. Trends in incidence of subtrochanteric fragility fractures and bisphosphonate use among the US elderly, 1996-2007. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26:553–60.PubMedCrossRef Wang Z, Bhattacharyya T. Trends in incidence of subtrochanteric fragility fractures and bisphosphonate use among the US elderly, 1996-2007. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26:553–60.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Lenart BA, Neviaser AS, Lyman S, Chang CC, Edobor-Osula F, Steele B, et al. Association of low-energy femoral fractures with prolonged bisphosphonate use: a case control study. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1353–62.PubMedCrossRef Lenart BA, Neviaser AS, Lyman S, Chang CC, Edobor-Osula F, Steele B, et al. Association of low-energy femoral fractures with prolonged bisphosphonate use: a case control study. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1353–62.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Girgis CM, Sher D, Seibel MJ. Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1848–9.PubMedCrossRef Girgis CM, Sher D, Seibel MJ. Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate use. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1848–9.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Giusti A, Hamdy NA, Dekkers OM, Ramautar SR, Dijkstra S, Papapoulos SE. Atypical fractures and bisphosphonate therapy: a cohort study of patients with femoral fracture with radiographic adjudication of fracture site and features. Bone. 2011;48:966–71.PubMedCrossRef Giusti A, Hamdy NA, Dekkers OM, Ramautar SR, Dijkstra S, Papapoulos SE. Atypical fractures and bisphosphonate therapy: a cohort study of patients with femoral fracture with radiographic adjudication of fracture site and features. Bone. 2011;48:966–71.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Schilcher J, Michaelsson K, Aspenberg P. Bisphosphonate use and atypical fractures of the femoral shaft. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1728–37.PubMedCrossRef Schilcher J, Michaelsson K, Aspenberg P. Bisphosphonate use and atypical fractures of the femoral shaft. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1728–37.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Thompson RN, Phillips JR, McCauley SH, Elliott JR, Moran CG. Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate treatment: experience in two large United Kingdom teaching hospitals. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94:385–90.PubMedCrossRef Thompson RN, Phillips JR, McCauley SH, Elliott JR, Moran CG. Atypical femoral fractures and bisphosphonate treatment: experience in two large United Kingdom teaching hospitals. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94:385–90.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Feldstein AC, Black D, Perrin N, Rosales AG, Friess D, Boardman D, et al. Incidence and demography of femur fractures with and without atypical features. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:977–86.PubMedCrossRef Feldstein AC, Black D, Perrin N, Rosales AG, Friess D, Boardman D, et al. Incidence and demography of femur fractures with and without atypical features. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:977–86.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Lo JC, Huang SY, Lee GA, Khandelwal S, Provus J, Ettinger B, et al. Clinical correlates of atypical femoral fracture. Bone. 2012;51:181–4.PubMedCrossRef Lo JC, Huang SY, Lee GA, Khandelwal S, Provus J, Ettinger B, et al. Clinical correlates of atypical femoral fracture. Bone. 2012;51:181–4.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Dell RM, Adams AL, Greene DF, Funahashi TT, Silverman SL, Eisemon EO, et al. Incidence of atypical nontraumatic diaphyseal fractures of the femur. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:2544–50.PubMedCrossRef Dell RM, Adams AL, Greene DF, Funahashi TT, Silverman SL, Eisemon EO, et al. Incidence of atypical nontraumatic diaphyseal fractures of the femur. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:2544–50.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Meier RP, Perneger TV, Stern R, Rizzoli R, Peter RE. Increasing occurrence of atypical femoral fractures associated with bisphosphonate use. Arch Int Med. 2012;172:930–6. Meier RP, Perneger TV, Stern R, Rizzoli R, Peter RE. Increasing occurrence of atypical femoral fractures associated with bisphosphonate use. Arch Int Med. 2012;172:930–6.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Warren C, Gilchrist N, Coates M, Frampton C, Helmore J, McKie J, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric fractures, bisphosphonates, blinded radiological review. ANZ J Surg. 2012;82:908–12.PubMedCrossRef Warren C, Gilchrist N, Coates M, Frampton C, Helmore J, McKie J, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric fractures, bisphosphonates, blinded radiological review. ANZ J Surg. 2012;82:908–12.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Shkolnikova J, Flynn J, Choong P. Burden of bisphosphonate-associated femoral fractures. ANZ J Surg. 2013;83:175–81.PubMedCrossRef Shkolnikova J, Flynn J, Choong P. Burden of bisphosphonate-associated femoral fractures. ANZ J Surg. 2013;83:175–81.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen MR, Gineyts E, Leeming DJ, Burr DB, Delmas PD. Bisphosphonates alter trabecular bone collagen cross-linking and isomerization in beagle dog vertebra. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:329–37.PubMedCrossRef Allen MR, Gineyts E, Leeming DJ, Burr DB, Delmas PD. Bisphosphonates alter trabecular bone collagen cross-linking and isomerization in beagle dog vertebra. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19:329–37.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Tang SY, Zeenath U, Vashishth D. Effects of nonenzymatic glycation on cancellous bone fragility. Bone. 2007;40:1144–51.PubMedCrossRef Tang SY, Zeenath U, Vashishth D. Effects of nonenzymatic glycation on cancellous bone fragility. Bone. 2007;40:1144–51.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Donnelly E, Meredith DS, Nguyen JT, Gladnick BP, Rebolledo BJ, Shaffer AD, et al. Reduced cortical bone compositional heterogeneity with bisphosphonate treatment in postmenopausal women with intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:672–8.PubMedCrossRef Donnelly E, Meredith DS, Nguyen JT, Gladnick BP, Rebolledo BJ, Shaffer AD, et al. Reduced cortical bone compositional heterogeneity with bisphosphonate treatment in postmenopausal women with intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:672–8.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Li J, Mashiba T, Burr DB. Bisphosphonate treatment suppresses not only stochastic remodeling but also the targeted repair of microdamage. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;69:281–6.PubMedCrossRef Li J, Mashiba T, Burr DB. Bisphosphonate treatment suppresses not only stochastic remodeling but also the targeted repair of microdamage. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;69:281–6.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Stepan JJ, Burr DB, Pavo I, Sipos A, Michalska D, Li J, et al. Low bone mineral density is associated with bone microdamage accumulation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Bone. 2007;41:378–85.PubMedCrossRef Stepan JJ, Burr DB, Pavo I, Sipos A, Michalska D, Li J, et al. Low bone mineral density is associated with bone microdamage accumulation in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Bone. 2007;41:378–85.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Chapurlat RD, Arlot M, Burt-Pichat B, Chavassieux P, Roux JP, Portero-Muzy N, et al. Microcrack frequency and bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteoporotic women on long-term bisphosphonates: a bone biopsy study. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:1502–9.PubMedCrossRef Chapurlat RD, Arlot M, Burt-Pichat B, Chavassieux P, Roux JP, Portero-Muzy N, et al. Microcrack frequency and bone remodeling in postmenopausal osteoporotic women on long-term bisphosphonates: a bone biopsy study. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:1502–9.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Li J, Miller MA, Hutchins GD, Burr DB. Imaging bone microdamage in vivo with positron emission tomography. Bone. 2005;37:819–24.PubMedCrossRef Li J, Miller MA, Hutchins GD, Burr DB. Imaging bone microdamage in vivo with positron emission tomography. Bone. 2005;37:819–24.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood J, Bonjean K, Ruetz S, Bellahcene A, Devy L, Foidart JM, et al. Novel antiangiogenic effects of the bisphosphonate compound zoledronic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;302:1055–61.PubMedCrossRef Wood J, Bonjean K, Ruetz S, Bellahcene A, Devy L, Foidart JM, et al. Novel antiangiogenic effects of the bisphosphonate compound zoledronic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;302:1055–61.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Howe TS, Erlich G, Koh JS, Ng AC, Costerton W. A case of an atypical femoral fracture associated with bacterial biofilm—pathogen or bystander? Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:1765–6.PubMedCrossRef Howe TS, Erlich G, Koh JS, Ng AC, Costerton W. A case of an atypical femoral fracture associated with bacterial biofilm—pathogen or bystander? Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:1765–6.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin JH. Bisphosphonates: a review of their pharmacokinetic properties. Bone. 1996;18:75–85.PubMedCrossRef Lin JH. Bisphosphonates: a review of their pharmacokinetic properties. Bone. 1996;18:75–85.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Chavassieux PM, Arlot ME, Reda C, Wei L, Yates AJ, Meunier PJ. Histomorphometric assessment of the long-term effects of alendronate on bone quality and remodeling in patients with osteoporosis. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:1475–80.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Chavassieux PM, Arlot ME, Reda C, Wei L, Yates AJ, Meunier PJ. Histomorphometric assessment of the long-term effects of alendronate on bone quality and remodeling in patients with osteoporosis. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:1475–80.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Eriksen EF, Melsen F, Sod E, Barton I, Chines A. Effects of long-term risedronate on bone quality and bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone. 2002;31:620–5.PubMedCrossRef Eriksen EF, Melsen F, Sod E, Barton I, Chines A. Effects of long-term risedronate on bone quality and bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone. 2002;31:620–5.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Whyte MP, Bergfeld MA, Murphy WA, Avioli LV, Teitelbaum SL. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. A heterogeneous disorder as assessed by histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone from untreated patients. Am J Med. 1982;72:193–202.PubMedCrossRef Whyte MP, Bergfeld MA, Murphy WA, Avioli LV, Teitelbaum SL. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. A heterogeneous disorder as assessed by histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone from untreated patients. Am J Med. 1982;72:193–202.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Hauge E, Mosekilde L, Melsen F. Missing observations in bone histomorphometry on osteoporosis: implications and suggestions for an approach. Bone. 1999;25:389–95.PubMedCrossRef Hauge E, Mosekilde L, Melsen F. Missing observations in bone histomorphometry on osteoporosis: implications and suggestions for an approach. Bone. 1999;25:389–95.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Tan SC, Koh SB, Goh SK, Howe TS. Atypical femoral stress fractures in bisphosphonate-free patients. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22:2211–2.PubMedCrossRef Tan SC, Koh SB, Goh SK, Howe TS. Atypical femoral stress fractures in bisphosphonate-free patients. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22:2211–2.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Whyte MP. Atypical femoral fractures, bisphosphonates, and adult hypophosphatasia. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1132–4.PubMedCrossRef Whyte MP. Atypical femoral fractures, bisphosphonates, and adult hypophosphatasia. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:1132–4.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Schilcher J, Koeppen V, Ranstam J, Skripitz R, Michaelsson K, Aspenberg P. Atypical femoral fractures are a separate entity, characterized by highly specific radiographic features. A comparison of 59 cases and 218 controls. Bone. 2013;52:389–92.PubMedCrossRef Schilcher J, Koeppen V, Ranstam J, Skripitz R, Michaelsson K, Aspenberg P. Atypical femoral fractures are a separate entity, characterized by highly specific radiographic features. A comparison of 59 cases and 218 controls. Bone. 2013;52:389–92.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohan PC, Howe TS, Koh JS, Png MA. Radiographic features of multifocal endosteal thickening of the femur in patients on long-term bisphosphonate therapy. Eur Radiol. 2013;23:222–7.PubMedCrossRef Mohan PC, Howe TS, Koh JS, Png MA. Radiographic features of multifocal endosteal thickening of the femur in patients on long-term bisphosphonate therapy. Eur Radiol. 2013;23:222–7.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Koeppen VA, Schilcher J, Aspenberg P. Atypical fractures do not have a thicker cortex. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:2893–6.PubMedCrossRef Koeppen VA, Schilcher J, Aspenberg P. Atypical fractures do not have a thicker cortex. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:2893–6.PubMedCrossRef
57.••
Zurück zum Zitat Shane E, Burr D, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, Cheung AM, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: Second report of a task force of the American society for bone and mineral research. J Bone Miner Res. 2014. This is the second report from the ASBMR Task Force, which proposes revisions to the case definition of AFFs, as well as provides comprehensive updates in the area of epidemiology and risk factors, pathogenesis, and medical management. Shane E, Burr D, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, Cheung AM, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: Second report of a task force of the American society for bone and mineral research. J Bone Miner Res. 2014. This is the second report from the ASBMR Task Force, which proposes revisions to the case definition of AFFs, as well as provides comprehensive updates in the area of epidemiology and risk factors, pathogenesis, and medical management.
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Ng AC, Png MA, Mohan PC, Koh JS, Howe TS. Atypical femoral fractures—transverse morphology at lateral cortex is a critical feature. J Bone Miner Res. 2013. Ng AC, Png MA, Mohan PC, Koh JS, Howe TS. Atypical femoral fractures—transverse morphology at lateral cortex is a critical feature. J Bone Miner Res. 2013.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Ha YC, Cho MR, Park KH, Kim SY, Koo KH. Is surgery necessary for femoral insufficiency fractures after long-term bisphosphonate therapy? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:3393–8.PubMedCrossRef Ha YC, Cho MR, Park KH, Kim SY, Koo KH. Is surgery necessary for femoral insufficiency fractures after long-term bisphosphonate therapy? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:3393–8.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Allison MB, Markman L, Rosenberg Z, Vieira RL, Babb J, Tejwani N, et al. Atypical incomplete femoral fractures in asymptomatic patients on long term bisphosphonate therapy. Bone. 2013;55:113–8.PubMedCrossRef Allison MB, Markman L, Rosenberg Z, Vieira RL, Babb J, Tejwani N, et al. Atypical incomplete femoral fractures in asymptomatic patients on long term bisphosphonate therapy. Bone. 2013;55:113–8.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Koh JS, Goh SK, Png MA, Ng AC, Howe TS. Distribution of atypical fractures and cortical stress lesions in the femur: implications on pathophysiology. Singap Med J. 2011;52:77–80. Koh JS, Goh SK, Png MA, Ng AC, Howe TS. Distribution of atypical fractures and cortical stress lesions in the femur: implications on pathophysiology. Singap Med J. 2011;52:77–80.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Png MA, Koh JS, Goh SK, Fook-Chong S, Howe TS. Bisphosphonate-related femoral periosteal stress reactions: scoring system based on radiographic and MRI findings. Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198:869–77.CrossRef Png MA, Koh JS, Goh SK, Fook-Chong S, Howe TS. Bisphosphonate-related femoral periosteal stress reactions: scoring system based on radiographic and MRI findings. Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198:869–77.CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Saleh A, Hegde VV, Potty AG, Schneider R, Cornell CN, Lane JM. Management strategy for symptomatic bisphosphonate-associated incomplete atypical femoral fractures. HSS J. 2012;8:103–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Saleh A, Hegde VV, Potty AG, Schneider R, Cornell CN, Lane JM. Management strategy for symptomatic bisphosphonate-associated incomplete atypical femoral fractures. HSS J. 2012;8:103–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Koh JS, Goh SK, Png MA, Kwek EB, Howe TS. Femoral cortical stress lesions in long-term bisphosphonate therapy: a herald of impending fracture? J Orthop Trauma. 2010;24:75–81.PubMedCrossRef Koh JS, Goh SK, Png MA, Kwek EB, Howe TS. Femoral cortical stress lesions in long-term bisphosphonate therapy: a herald of impending fracture? J Orthop Trauma. 2010;24:75–81.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan SS, Rosenberg ZS, Chan K, Capeci C. Subtrochanteric femoral fractures in patients receiving long-term alendronate therapy: imaging features. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:1581–6.CrossRef Chan SS, Rosenberg ZS, Chan K, Capeci C. Subtrochanteric femoral fractures in patients receiving long-term alendronate therapy: imaging features. Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:1581–6.CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat de Limaa JG, da Costa Fernandesa F, de Souzaa AB, dos Santos Juniora AC, Reboucasa BM, de Limaa NN, et al. Atypical fracture with use of ibandronate and the role of bone scintigraphy on its early diagnosis. J Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;3:67–9. de Limaa JG, da Costa Fernandesa F, de Souzaa AB, dos Santos Juniora AC, Reboucasa BM, de Limaa NN, et al. Atypical fracture with use of ibandronate and the role of bone scintigraphy on its early diagnosis. J Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;3:67–9.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Crossley K, Bennell KL, Wrigley T, Oakes BW. Ground reaction forces, bone characteristics, and tibial stress fracture in male runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:1088–93.PubMedCrossRef Crossley K, Bennell KL, Wrigley T, Oakes BW. Ground reaction forces, bone characteristics, and tibial stress fracture in male runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31:1088–93.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Oh Y, Wakabayashi Y, Kurosa Y, Ishizuki M, Okawa A. A stress fractures of bowing femoral shaft in the elderly—another cause of atypical femoral fractures. Bone Joint J Orthopaed Proc. 2013;(Suppl 95-B):9. Oh Y, Wakabayashi Y, Kurosa Y, Ishizuki M, Okawa A. A stress fractures of bowing femoral shaft in the elderly—another cause of atypical femoral fractures. Bone Joint J Orthopaed Proc. 2013;(Suppl 95-B):9.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Ikeda S, Sakai A, Tanaka H, Takeuchi Y, Ohnishi H, Murakami H, et al. Atypical femoral fractures were associated with deterioration of bone quality and curvature of femoral shaft. Bone Joint J Orthopaed Proc. 2013;(Suppl 95-B):67. Ikeda S, Sakai A, Tanaka H, Takeuchi Y, Ohnishi H, Murakami H, et al. Atypical femoral fractures were associated with deterioration of bone quality and curvature of femoral shaft. Bone Joint J Orthopaed Proc. 2013;(Suppl 95-B):67.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Ettinger B, Burr DB, Ritchie RO. Proposed pathogenesis for atypical femoral fractures: lessons from materials research. Bone. 2013;55:495–500.PubMedCrossRef Ettinger B, Burr DB, Ritchie RO. Proposed pathogenesis for atypical femoral fractures: lessons from materials research. Bone. 2013;55:495–500.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Karakas HM, Harma A. Femoral shaft bowing with age: a digital radiological study of Anatolian Caucasian adults. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2008;14:29–32.PubMed Karakas HM, Harma A. Femoral shaft bowing with age: a digital radiological study of Anatolian Caucasian adults. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2008;14:29–32.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakamura T, Turner CH, Yoshikawa T, Slemenda CW, Peacock M, Burr DB, et al. Do variations in hip geometry explain differences in hip fracture risk between Japanese and White Americans? J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9:1071–6.PubMedCrossRef Nakamura T, Turner CH, Yoshikawa T, Slemenda CW, Peacock M, Burr DB, et al. Do variations in hip geometry explain differences in hip fracture risk between Japanese and White Americans? J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9:1071–6.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Brownbill RA, Ilich JZ. Hip geometry and its role in fracture: what do we know so far? Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2003;1:25–31.PubMedCrossRef Brownbill RA, Ilich JZ. Hip geometry and its role in fracture: what do we know so far? Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2003;1:25–31.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Novotny R, Daida YG, Grove JS, Le Marchand L, Vijayadeva V. Asian adolescents have a higher trunk: peripheral fat ratio than Whites. J Nutr. 2006;136:642–7.PubMedCentralPubMed Novotny R, Daida YG, Grove JS, Le Marchand L, Vijayadeva V. Asian adolescents have a higher trunk: peripheral fat ratio than Whites. J Nutr. 2006;136:642–7.PubMedCentralPubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Black DM, Kelly MP, Genant HK, Palermo L, Eastell R, Bucci-Rechtweg C, et al. Bisphosphonates and fractures of the subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femur. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1761–71.PubMedCrossRef Black DM, Kelly MP, Genant HK, Palermo L, Eastell R, Bucci-Rechtweg C, et al. Bisphosphonates and fractures of the subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femur. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1761–71.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Levis S, Quandt SA, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296:2927–38.PubMedCrossRef Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Levis S, Quandt SA, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the Fracture Intervention Trial Long-term Extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296:2927–38.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Black DM, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, Ensrud K, Musliner T, Hochberg MC, et al. Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the Fracture Intervention Trial; FIT Research Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:4118–24.PubMedCrossRef Black DM, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, Ensrud K, Musliner T, Hochberg MC, et al. Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the Fracture Intervention Trial; FIT Research Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:4118–24.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Mashiba T, Turner CH, Hirano T, Forwood MR, Jacob DS, Johnston CC, et al. Effects of high-dose etidronate treatment on microdamage accumulation and biomechanical properties in beagle bone before occurrence of spontaneous fractures. Bone. 2001;29:271–8.PubMedCrossRef Mashiba T, Turner CH, Hirano T, Forwood MR, Jacob DS, Johnston CC, et al. Effects of high-dose etidronate treatment on microdamage accumulation and biomechanical properties in beagle bone before occurrence of spontaneous fractures. Bone. 2001;29:271–8.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, Dempster DW, Ebeling PR, Felsenberg D, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:1479–91.PubMedCrossRef Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, Dempster DW, Ebeling PR, Felsenberg D, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:1479–91.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider JP, Hinshaw WB, Su C, Solow P. Atypical femur fractures: 81 individual personal histories. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:4324–8.PubMedCrossRef Schneider JP, Hinshaw WB, Su C, Solow P. Atypical femur fractures: 81 individual personal histories. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:4324–8.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Imai K, Yamamoto S, Anamizu Y, Horiuchi T. Pelvic insufficiency fracture associated with severe suppression of bone turnover by alendronate therapy. J Bone Miner Metabol. 2007;25:333–6.CrossRef Imai K, Yamamoto S, Anamizu Y, Horiuchi T. Pelvic insufficiency fracture associated with severe suppression of bone turnover by alendronate therapy. J Bone Miner Metabol. 2007;25:333–6.CrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Ang BF, Koh JS, Ng AC, Howe TS. Bilateral ulna fractures associated with bisphosphonate therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:1523–5.PubMedCrossRef Ang BF, Koh JS, Ng AC, Howe TS. Bilateral ulna fractures associated with bisphosphonate therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:1523–5.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Bjorgul K, Reigstad A. Atypical fracture of the ulna associated with alendronate use. Acta Orthop. 2011;82:761–3.PubMedCrossRef Bjorgul K, Reigstad A. Atypical fracture of the ulna associated with alendronate use. Acta Orthop. 2011;82:761–3.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Bissonnette L, April PM, Dumais R, Boire G, Roux S. Atypical fracture of the tibial diaphysis associated with bisphosphonate therapy: a case report. Bone. 2013;56:406–9.PubMedCrossRef Bissonnette L, April PM, Dumais R, Boire G, Roux S. Atypical fracture of the tibial diaphysis associated with bisphosphonate therapy: a case report. Bone. 2013;56:406–9.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Imbuldeniya AM, Jiwa N, Murphy JP. Bilateral atypical insufficiency fractures of the proximal tibia and a unilateral distal femoral fracture associated with long-term intravenous bisphosphonate therapy: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012;6:50.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Imbuldeniya AM, Jiwa N, Murphy JP. Bilateral atypical insufficiency fractures of the proximal tibia and a unilateral distal femoral fracture associated with long-term intravenous bisphosphonate therapy: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2012;6:50.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Review: Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Atypical Femur Fractures
verfasst von
Alvin C. Ng
Meng Ai Png
David T. Chua
Joyce S. B. Koh
Tet Sen Howe
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2014
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Osteoporosis Reports / Ausgabe 1/2014
Print ISSN: 1544-1873
Elektronische ISSN: 1544-2241
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-014-0198-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2014

Current Osteoporosis Reports 1/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Regenerative Biology and Medicine in Osteoporosis (EM Schwartz and RE Guldberg, Section Editors)

Stem Cell Therapy for Osteoporosis

Regenerative Biology and Medicine in Osteoporosis (EM Schwartz and RE Guldberg, Section Editors)

Biomaterial Scaffolds for Treating Osteoporotic Bone

Osteoimmunology (D Novack and G Schett, Section Editors)

Impact of Inflammation on the Osteoblast in Rheumatic Diseases

Epidemiology and Pathophysiology (PR Ebeling and EF Eriksen, Section Editors)

The Role of Wnt Signaling and Sclerostin in the Pathogenesis of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis

Skeletal Biology and Regulation (MR Forwood and A Robling, Section Editors)

Osteoblast-Chondrocyte Interactions in Osteoarthritis

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Arthroskopie kann Knieprothese nicht hinauszögern

25.04.2024 Gonarthrose Nachrichten

Ein arthroskopischer Eingriff bei Kniearthrose macht im Hinblick darauf, ob und wann ein Gelenkersatz fällig wird, offenbar keinen Unterschied.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

23.04.2024 Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen Nachrichten

Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.