Background
Methods
Subjects and sampling
Questionnaire
Symptom seriousness
Level of seriousness based on GP ratings | Symptoms | n^ | Did nothing at all † | Looked for information | Discussed with friends & family | Took over-the-counter medicines | Phoned NHS24/NHS Direct | Consulted nurse | Consulted pharmacist | Consulted comple-mentary therapist | Consulted GP (on phone or in person) | Took prescribed medicines |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Feeling tired/run down | 887 | 69.9 | 3.0 | 13.6 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 6.8 | 4.4 |
Difficulty sleeping | 607 | 64.3 | 3.1 | 11.9 | 7.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 6.8 | 7.4 | |
Sore throat | 411 | 44.0 | 1.9 | 9.0 | 43.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 7.3 | 5.4 | |
Cold or flu symptoms | 372 | 38.4 | 1.6 | 9.4 | 51.6 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 6.7 | 4.0 | |
Diarrhoea | 266 | 60.9 | 1.5 | 5.6 | 17.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0 | 7.1 | 10.2 | |
Loss of appetite | 117 | 74.4 | 4.3 | 12.8 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.9 | 0 | 10.3 | 3.4 | |
2 | Back pain | 653 | 40.9 | 2.5 | 7.0 | 29.7 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 13.6 |
Nervousness/anxiety | 405 | 55.3 | 3.2 | 18.0 | 5.4 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 10.9 | 11.1 | |
Cough | 372 | 52.7 | 1.6 | 7.8 | 31.7 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 6.2 | 0.5 | 7.0 | 6.2 | |
Nausea/feeling sick | 259 | 68.3 | 1.5 | 8.5 | 8.9 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0 | 8.5 | 10.0 | |
Constipation | 203 | 46.8 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 24.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 4.4 | 15.3 | |
Vomiting | 95 | 63.2 | 1.1 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 0 | 13.7 | 6.3 | |
3 | Headaches | 845 | 23.0 | 1.1 | 4.3 | 65.7 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 7.6 |
Joint pain | 678 | 35.4 | 4.6 | 10.3 | 28.9 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 4.7 | 11.4 | 17.7 | |
Indigestion/heartburn | 392 | 29.6 | 2.0 | 6.1 | 51.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 5.6 | 14.3 | |
Feeling depressed | 353 | 53.0 | 4.0 | 17.8 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 13.3 | 15.9 | |
Stomach/abdominal pain | 337 | 42.7 | 3.3 | 10.4 | 24.0 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 13.9 | 19.3 | |
Dizziness | 194 | 69.1 | 1.5 | 8.2 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0 | 8.8 | 9.3 | |
Wheezy chest | 158 | 41.1 | 1.9 | 5.1 | 11.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 16.5 | 33.5 | |
Fainting | 14 | 64.3 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.3 | 7.1 | |
4 | Shortness of breath | 176 | 47.7 | 2.3 | 9.1 | 4.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0 | 18.2 | 31.8 |
Blood in stool | 52 | 57.7 | 5.8 | 11.5 | 5.8 | 0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0 | 23.1 | 7.7 | |
Unintentional weight loss | 37 | 59.5 | 5.4 | 16.2 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0 | 5.4 | 0 | 27.0 | 5.4 | |
5 | Chest pain | 108 | 52.8 | 1.9 | 13.0 | 4.6 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 15.7 | 19.4 |
Coughing up blood | 4 | 75.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.0 | |
ALL SYMPTOMS
|
7994
|
48.6
|
2.6
|
9.8
|
25.0
|
0.5
|
0.8
|
1.8
|
1.8
|
8.3
|
11.1
|
Analysis
Results
Actions taken in the last two weeks
Factors associated with actions taken
Participant characteristics and number of symptoms | Looked for information | Discussed with friends/family | Took OTC medicines | Phoned NHS 24/NHS Direct | Consulted nurse | Consulted pharmacist | Consulted comp therapist | Consulted GP | Took prescribed medicines | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | |
Gender
| ||||||||||||||||||
Men †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Women | 0.80 | 0.75 | 1.23 | 1.11 |
1.63
|
1.46
| 0.73 | 0.64 | 1.82 | 1.44 | 1.51 | 1.36 |
2.79
|
2.71
| 1.25 | 1.22 | 1.29 | 1.40 |
Age
| ||||||||||||||||||
18-24 †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25-34 yrs | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 1.63 | 1.66 | 0.87 | 1.56 | 0.28 | 0.40 | 0.51 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.54 | 1.35 | 1.13 |
35-44 yrs | 0.98 | 1.04 |
0.50
| 0.62 | 1.29 | 1.44 | 1.01 | 1.26 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.63 | 1.12 | 1.37 | 1.57 | 0.89 | 0.64 | 1.08 | 0.73 |
45-54 yrs | 0.86 | 0.98 |
0.43
| 0.57 | 1.15 | 1.44 | 0.97 | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 1.93 | 2.19 | 1.06 | 0.68 |
1.99
| 1.15 |
55-60 yrs | 1.37 | 1.23 |
0.32
|
0.39
| 1.04 | 1.26 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.62 | 0.19 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 1.89 | 2.19 | 1.22 | 0.60 |
2.50
| 1.20 |
Marital status
| ||||||||||||||||||
Single †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married/living together | 0.94 | 0.77 | 0.73 | 1.35 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 0.79 | 1.58 | 0.81 | 2.96 | 0.72 | 1.36 | 1.19 | 0.82 | 1.15 | 1.48 | 1.17 | 1.31 |
No longer married | 0.99 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 1.23 | 1.14 | 0.97 | 1.43 | 2.31 | 1.93 | 2.99 | 0.95 | 1.47 | 1.97 | 1.04 |
2.75
| 2.80 | 1.48 | 0.71 |
Social support
| ||||||||||||||||||
Low †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 1.81 | 2.52 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 1.42 | 1.45 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.95 | 0.83 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.57 | 0.91 |
High | 1.54 | 1.94 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 1.30 | 1.25 |
0.11
|
0.10
| 0.26 | 0.27 | 1.03 | 1.15 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.61 | 0.76 |
0.49
| 0.93 |
Education
| ||||||||||||||||||
No qualifications †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Secondary school | 1.06 | 1.39 | 1.56 | 1.91 | 1.47 | 1.50 | 1.45 | 3.23 | 0.96 | 1.31 | 0.88 | 0.67 | 1.55 | 3.01 | 0.70 | 1.03 |
0.48
| 0.92 |
Higher education | 1.31 | 1.56 | 1.60 | 2.10 | 1.31 | 1.43 | 0.70 | 1.65 | 0.58 | 1.16 | 0.52 | 0.38 | 1.51 | 3.04 |
0.46
| 0.69 |
0.36
| 0.77 |
Housing
| ||||||||||||||||||
Owned/mortgaged †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Privately rented and other | 0.63 | 0.61 | 1.20 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.84 | 1.06 | 0.55 | 1.19 | 0.32 | 1.37 | 1.01 | 1.08 | 1.55 | 0.94 | 0.59 | 0.95 | 0.73 |
Council/housing assoc. | 0.56 | 0.56 | 1.25 | 1.11 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 2.32 | 1.79 | 0.42 | - | 2.26 | 1.58 | 1.02 | 1.40 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 1.55 | 0.61 |
Employment
| ||||||||||||||||||
Full-time †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Part-time | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 1.12 | 0.95 | 0.61 | 1.06 | 0.69 | 0.29 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 1.68 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 1.21 | 0.99 |
Self-employed | 1.01 | 0.98 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 0.85 | 1.32 | 1.25 | 1.62 | 1.78 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.80 | 0.56 |
Not working due to illness | 1.00 | 0.68 | 0.98 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.41 | 2.18 | 0.86 | 3.33 | 0.90 | 2.08 | 1.27 | 1.54 | 1.25 |
3.21
| 1.40 |
11.16
|
5.63
|
Others not in employment | 0.91 | 0.86 | 1.39 | 1.29 | 0.99 | 0.87 | 1.99 | 2.00 | 2.78 | 1.85 | 1.78 | 1.25 | 1.71 | 1.36 | 0.86 | 0.65 | 1.19 | 0.79 |
Income
| ||||||||||||||||||
<£15,000 †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
£15,000-29,999 | 0.91 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.97 | 0.78 | 0.54 | 0.67 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.49 | 0.64 | 0.95 | 1.07 | 0.69 | 0.83 | 0.71 | 0.87 |
£30,000-49,000 | 1.03 | 0.95 | 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.87 | 0.69 | 1.26 | 1.71 | 0.33 |
0.18
| 0.68 | 0.82 | 0.71 | 0.96 |
0.49
| 0.68 |
0.54
| 0.82 |
£50,000+ | 0.66 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.60 | 0.84 | 0.65 | 0.81 | 1.54 |
0.13
|
0.08
| 0.41 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.88 |
0.48
| 0.82 |
0.34
| 0.55 |
Ethnicity
| ||||||||||||||||||
White †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Other | 0.31 | 0.37 |
2.47
| 2.38 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 1.89 | - | 2.44 | - |
4.58
|
5.30
| 0.44 | 0.50 | 1.04 | 1.26 | 1.04 | 1.00 |
Smoking
| ||||||||||||||||||
Never †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Ex-smoker | 1.17 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 1.01 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 3.27 | 2.74 | 1.82 | 1.18 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 1.18 | 1.21 | 1.33 | 1.17 |
1.62
| 1.36 |
Current smoker | 0.67 | 0.60 | 1.11 | 0.91 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 1.25 | 0.52 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 1.40 | 0.87 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 1.41 | 0.94 | 1.32 | 0.89 |
Chronic condition
| ||||||||||||||||||
No †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.32 | 1.16 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 1.57 | 0.77 | 1.35 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 1.25 | 1.00 |
2.38
| 1.66 |
5.28
|
3.78
|
Number of symptoms
| ||||||||||||||||||
1-2 †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
3-5 | 1.38 | 1.57 |
1.62
|
1.77
|
2.04
|
2.09
| 1.70 | 1.54 | 1.19 | 1.44 | 2.16 | 2.35 | 1.33 | 1.37 |
1.95
| 1.67 |
2.61
|
2.09
|
6-9 |
2.33
|
2.72
|
2.27
|
2.38
|
2.87
|
2.92
| 4.06 | 3.47 | 3.32 | 3.23 |
2.81
| 2.45 | 1.37 | 1.35 |
3.66
| 2.41 |
4.30
|
2.66
|
10+ | 1.40 | 2.06 |
2.52
|
2.90
|
2.66
|
2.94
| 7.86 | 7.96 |
6.39
| 5.93 | 1.87 | 1.74 | 1.85 | 2.81 |
7.45
| 4.68 |
9.15
|
4.68
|
Participant and symptom characteristics | Feeling tired/ run down | Cold or flu symptoms | Back pain | Nervousness/ anxiety | Headaches | Joint pain | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | |
Gender
| ||||||||||||
Men †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Women | 1.30 | 1.29 | 1.74 | 1.64 |
1.66
| 1.32 | 0.95 | 0.74 |
1.99
|
2.11
| 1.32 | 1.24 |
Age
| ||||||||||||
18-24 †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25-34 yrs | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 1.68 | 3.64 | 0.67 | 0.87 | 1.71 | 1.51 | 1.21 | 4.01 |
35-44 yrs | 0.91 | 1.01 | 1.14 | 1.36 | 1.94 | 3.17 | 0.46 | 0.99 | 2.42 | 2.62 | 1.18 | 4.66 |
45-54 yrs | 0.97 | 1.14 | 1.24 | 2.20 | 1.19 | 3.30 | 0.58 | 0.86 | 1.98 | 2.33 | 1.32 | 5.04 |
55-60 yrs | 0.76 | 0.70 | 0.87 | 1.69 | 1.27 | 3.08 | 0.48 | 0.60 | 2.06 | 2.09 | 1.11 | 4.90 |
Marital status
| ||||||||||||
Single †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married/living together | 1.04 | 1.16 | 0.97 | 0.71 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.70 | 1.19 | 1.51 | 1.28 | 0.84 | 0.53 |
No longer married | 1.07 | 1.04 | 2.06 | 0.66 | 0.72 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 1.07 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.50 |
Social support
| ||||||||||||
Low †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 0.55 | 0.48 | 1.58 | 2.42 | 2.60 | 4.06 | 1.28 | 2.10 | 1.72 | 1.84 | 1.86 | 4.06 |
High | 0.62 | 0.60 | 1.01 | 1.30 |
2.98
|
4.89
| 0.95 | 2.11 | 1.65 | 1.88 | 2.06 | 3.67 |
Education
| ||||||||||||
No qualifications †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Secondary school | 0.87 | 1.29 | 2.17 | 4.53 | 1.03 | 1.27 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.83 | 0.69 | 1.36 | 0.98 |
Higher education | 1.18 | 2.10 | 2.56 | 5.19 | 1.35 | 2.09 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 1.34 | 1.09 |
Housing
| ||||||||||||
Owned/mortgaged †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Privately rented and other | 0.99 | 1.21 | 1.23 | 2.40 | 0.77 | 0.62 | 1.42 | 0.94 | 1.13 | 1.41 | 0.72 | 0.65 |
Council/housing assoc. | 0.80 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 1.21 | 0.81 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.52 | 0.94 | 1.19 | 0.50 | 0.31 |
Employment
| ||||||||||||
Full-time †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Part-time | 1.06 | 1.25 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.74 | 1.87 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 1.15 | 0.82 | 1.16 | 1.43 |
Self-employed | 0.81 | 0.69 | 0.50 | 0.36 | 1.90 | 1.19 | 0.69 | 0.55 | 0.84 | 0.57 | 0.98 | 1.11 |
Not working due to illness | 1.53 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.10 | 1.32 | 0.69 | 2.08 | 2.52 | 0.66 | 0.46 | 1.88 | 1.13 |
Others not in employment | 1.09 | 1.68 | 0.76 | 1.03 | 1.20 | 1.18 | 1.69 | 2.69 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.98 | 1.24 |
Income
| ||||||||||||
<£15,000 †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
£15,000-29,999 | 1.17 | 1.56 | 0.69 | 0.48 | 0.96 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 1.30 | 1.66 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.15 |
£30,000-49,000 | 1.01 | 1.20 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 1.08 | 0.80 | 0.78 | 1.28 | 1.41 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 0.83 |
£50,000+ | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.36 | 0.59 | 0.67 | 1.38 | 0.77 | 1.01 | 1.11 |
Ethnicity
| ||||||||||||
White †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Other | 2.66 |
5.61
| 6.41 | 3.18 | 1.30 | 1.62 |
8.00
|
26.92
| 0.71 | 0.88 | 1.13 | 2.97 |
Smoking
| ||||||||||||
Never †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Ex-smoker | 1.09 | 1.15 | 1.11 | 1.23 | 0.98 | 0.76 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 1.01 | 0.95 |
Current smoker | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 1.16 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 1.10 | 1.40 |
Chronic condition
| ||||||||||||
No †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 1.17 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 1.21 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.73 |
Severity of symptom
| ||||||||||||
Low†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | 1.66 | 1.05 | 6.95 | 4.48 |
3.61
| 2.85 |
4.19
| 2.80 | 1.65 | 1.08 |
3.09
|
3.21
|
Duration of symptom
| ||||||||||||
Short†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium |
2.71
|
3.10
| 2.89 |
2.71
| 1.63 | 1.81 | 1.72 | 2.22 | 1.38 | 1.24 |
2.62
| 2.04 |
Long |
1.88
| 1.99 | 4.08 | 5.51 |
2.00
| 1.77 | 1.77 | 1.52 | 0.80 | 0.57 |
1.85
| 1.80 |
Interference with life
| ||||||||||||
Low†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High |
2.08
|
2.30
|
8.20
|
6.93
|
4.75
| 2.01 |
2.51
| 2.28 | 1.98 | 2.24 |
3.49
| 1.77 |
Recent experience
| ||||||||||||
No†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.80 | 0.64 | 0.49 |
0.25
| 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.93 | 0.59 | 1.37 | 1.15 | 0.66 | 1.21 |
Participant and symptom characteristics | Feeling tired/ run down | Cold or flu symptoms | Back pain | Nervousness/ anxiety | Headaches | Joint pain | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | UOR | AOR | |
Gender
| ||||||||||||
Men †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Women | 1.71 | 1.64 | 2.44 | 1.93 |
2.09
| 2.10 | 1.34 | 1.75 |
2.25
|
6.14
|
1.96
|
2.59
|
Age
| ||||||||||||
18-24 †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
25-34 yrs | 0.72 | 0.37 | 0.58 | 0.14 | 0.86 | 1.19 | 0.76 | 0.71 | 0.55 | 1.41 | 1.23 | 1.01 |
35-44 yrs | 1.26 | 1.45 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 2.29 | 3.47 | 1.01 | 1.89 | 1.47 | 4.55 | 2.07 | 2.17 |
45-54 yrs | 1.54 | 1.10 | 0.85 | 0.31 | 1.77 | 3.61 | 1.63 | 3.08 | 1.61 | 2.77 | 2.40 | 2.22 |
55-60 yrs | 1.23 | 0.60 | 0.85 | 0.27 | 2.58 | 4.92 | 1.23 | 5.54 | 2.32 | 4.63 | 3.12 | 3.57 |
Marital status
| ||||||||||||
Single †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married/living together | 1.09 | 1.38 | 0.95 | 1.29 | 1.18 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 1.74 | 1.30 | 1.71 | 1.26 | 0.90 |
No longer married | 2.18 | 1.58 | 2.89 | 0.62 | 1.62 | 0.48 | 1.53 | 0.84 | 1.29 | 0.31 | 1.63 | 0.57 |
Social support
| ||||||||||||
Low †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 0.51 | 0.31 | 3.50 | 3.56 | 0.95 | 2.88 | 0.48 | 0.22 | 1.33 | 2.20 | 0.99 | 3.07 |
High | 0.48 | 0.49 | 2.01 | 1.39 | 1.44 | 6.02 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 1.17 | 0.95 | 1.32 | 3.78 |
Education
| ||||||||||||
No qualifications †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Secondary school | 0.79 | 2.61 | 1.93 | 14.09 | 0.66 | 0.95 | 0.48 | 1.16 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.64 | 1.02 |
Higher education | 0.40 | 1.65 | 1.09 | 15.74 | 0.78 | 2.54 | 0.36 | 0.83 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.67 | 1.49 |
Housing
| ||||||||||||
Owned/mortgaged †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Privately rented and other | 1.43 | 0.60 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 1.02 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.28 | 2.08 | 0.57 | 0.63 |
Council/housing assoc. | 1.39 | 0.74 | 1.18 | 0.28 | 1.09 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 0.27 | 1.33 | 0.06 | 1.15 | 0.50 |
Employment
| ||||||||||||
Full-time †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Part-time | 1.88 | 1.18 | 1.06 | 0.89 | 1.78 | 0.98 | 1.27 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 0.50 | 1.51 | 0.90 |
Self-employed | 0.60 | 0.51 | 0.71 | 0.43 | 1.35 | 1.16 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.16 | 0.78 | 0.69 |
Not working due to illness |
6.52
| 2.57 | 2.76 | 0.66 |
9.46
| 2.50 |
5.00
| 5.54 |
5.31
| 4.09 |
14.68
| 3.63 |
Others not in employment | 1.03 | 0.79 | 1.07 | 0.45 | 1.44 | 0.54 | 1.17 | 1.63 | 0.96 | 0.24 | 1.15 | 0.58 |
Household income
| ||||||||||||
<£15,000 †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
£15,000-29,999 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 3.84 | 0.69 | 0.58 |
0.35
| 0.55 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 0.83 | 0.78 |
£30,000-49,000 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.92 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.40 |
0.45
| 0.70 |
£50,000+ | 0.44 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 1.15 |
0.25
| 0.20 | 0.51 | 1.73 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.47 | 0.62 |
Ethnicity
| ||||||||||||
White †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Other | 0.86 | 2.48 | 9.49 | 84.62 | 1.19 | 0.67 | 1.82 | 6.46 | 2.15 | 5.47 | 1.83 | 2.91 |
Smoking
| ||||||||||||
Never †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Ex-smoker | 1.69 | 1.59 | 1.20 | 0.96 | 1.50 | 0.71 | 1.77 | 1.30 | 1.16 | 0.23 | 1.56 | 1.24 |
Current smoker | 1.62 | 0.98 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.94 | 0.64 | 2.00 | 1.91 | 0.82 | 0.50 | 1.14 | 0.82 |
Chronic condition
| ||||||||||||
No †
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes |
3.11
| 2.31 | 1.06 | 1.94 |
1.76
| 1.41 |
5.05
| 2.17 | 1.50 | 1.10 |
2.11
| 1.36 |
Severity of symptom
| ||||||||||||
Low†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High |
5.97
| 2.64 | 19.78 | 2.50 |
11.70
|
4.33
|
12.07
|
8.47
|
4.55
| 4.24 |
7.68
|
5.09
|
Duration of symptom
| ||||||||||||
Short†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 2.03 | 2.06 | 3.98 | 3.03 |
3.50
| 2.99 | 1.76 | 0.97 |
4.61
| 6.49 |
2.67
| 1.96 |
Long |
4.66
| 2.66 | 6.96 | 12.23 |
7.06
|
3.75
|
5.18
| 2.09 | 1.65 | 0.19 |
3.14
|
2.23
|
Interference with life
| ||||||||||||
Low†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High |
5.58
|
2.86
|
22.83
|
19.42
|
10.55
|
3.63
|
6.03
|
4.38
|
11.07
|
15.83
|
8.54
|
3.13
|
Recent experience
| ||||||||||||
No†
| 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.65 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.65 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.12 | 0.94 | 0.52 | 0.70 | 1.04 |