Background
Methods
Data collection process
Results
Etiology of upper GI bleeding
Outcomes
Characteristic | Median (25–75) / Frequency |
---|---|
Age | 40.0 (31.0–56.3) |
Sex | |
Male | 121 (71.2%) |
Female | 49 (28.8%) |
History of previous UGIB | 65 (38.2%) |
Use of NSAIDs in previous one week | 7 (4.1%) |
Comorbidity | |
Any Comorbidity | 106 (62.4%) |
Cardiac Disease | 14 (8.2%) |
Renal Insufficiency | 26 (15.3%) |
Chronic Liver Disease | 52 (30.6%) |
Encephalopathy | 14 (8.2%) |
Malignancy | 16 (9.4%) |
Hypertension | 13 (7.6%) |
Diabetes Mellitus | 5 (2.9%) |
HIV | 7 (4.1%) |
Smoking | 9 (5.3%) |
Alcohol use in previous one week | 22 (12.9%) |
Initial Vital Signs | |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 113.5 (102.0–130.0) |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 63.0 (56.8–80.3) |
Pulse Rate (beats/min) | 101.5 (86.0–108.3) |
Respiratory Rate (breaths/min) | 20.0 (19.0–23.0) |
Arterial Oxygen Saturation (%) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) |
Initial Laboratory Data | |
White Blood Count (k/μl) | 8.1 (4.6–12.4) |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 6.2 (4.5–8.8) |
Platelets (k/μl) | 178.5 (90.8–293.3) |
Serum Creatinine (μmol/L) | 78.0 (63.5–150.5) |
Serum BUN (g/dL) | 6.5 (3.3–12.6) |
Serum ALT (U/L) | 23.0 (15.0–47.0) |
Serum AST (U/L) | 36.0 (22.0–93.0) |
Serum Total Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 12.7 (7.6–29.9) |
Prothrombin Time (seconds) | 12.5 (11.2–14.1) |
APTT (seconds) | 28.4 (25.2–32.8) |
INR | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) |
Rockall Score | |
Pre-Endoscopy | 3.0 (1.0–4.0) |
Post-Endoscopy | 6.0 (4.0–7.0) |
Factor | 60-day Mortality |
p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Yes (Median, 25–75) | No (Median, 25–75) | ||
Age | 45.0 (33.5–57.5) | 39.0 (31.0–55.5) | 0.168 |
Initial Vital Signs | |||
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 114.0 (99.5–131.0) | 116.0 (103.0–130.0) | 0.513 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 70.0 (57.5–82.5) | 67.0 (56.0–79.0) | 0.419 |
Pulse Rate (beats/min) | 101.0 (91.0–113.0) | 97.0 (83.5–108.0) | 0.066 |
Respiratory Rate (breaths/min) | 20.0 (19.0–23.0) | 20.0 (19.5–23.0) | 0.972 |
Arterial Oxygen Saturation (%) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) | 100.0 (100.0–100.0) |
0.035
|
Initial Laboratory Data | |||
White Blood Count (k/μl) | 10.9 (7.7–16.7) | 6.7 (4.0–10.2) |
<0.001
|
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 7.4 (4.9–9.3) | 6.0 (4.4–8.2) | 0.058 |
Platelets (k/μl) | 183.0 (133.0–278.0) | 172.5 (77.4–300.3) | 0.339 |
Serum Creatinine (μmol/L) | 105.5 (72.3–289.2) | 69.4 (62.2–101.6) |
0.001
|
Serum BUN (g/dL) | 9.7 (4.7–23.4) | 4.5 (3.0–9.1) |
0.001
|
Serum ALT (U/L) | 58.0 (14.3–113.0) | 21.0 (15.0–35.0) |
0.004
|
Serum AST (U/L) | 74.0 (33.5–274.0) | 29.5 (18.0–50.8) |
<0.001
|
Serum Total Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 83.5 (17.7–421.1) | 11.3 (7.0–17.6) |
0.001
|
Prothrombin Time (seconds) | 14.1 (12.7–19.4) | 12.1 (11.0–13.3) |
0.002
|
APTT (seconds) | 28.5 (24.9–37.5) | 28.4 (25.2–31.4) | 0.533 |
INR | 1.3 (1.2–1.7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) |
0.001
|
Rockall Score | |||
Pre-Endoscopy Rockall Score | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 3.0 (1.0–4.0) | 0.143 |
Post-Endoscopy Rockall Score | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 6.0 (4.0–7.0) | 0.620 |
Factor | 60-day Mortality | Relative Risk (95% CI) |
P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Total | |||
Age | |||||
> 40 years | 31 (37.3%) | 52 (62.7%) | 83 | 1.25 | 0.303 |
≤ 40 years | 26 (29.9%) | 61 (70.1%) | 87 | (0.82–1.91) | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 41 (33.9%) | 80 (66.1%) | 121 | 1.04 | 0.878 |
Female | 16 (32.7%) | 33 (67.3%) | 49 | (0.65–1.67) | |
History of previous UGIB | |||||
Yes | 21 (27.6%) | 55 (72.4%) | 76 | 0.72 | 0.143 |
No | 36 (38.3%) | 58 (61.7%) | 94 | (0.46–1.13) | |
Use of NSAIDs in previous one week | |||||
Yes | 1 (14.3%) | 6 (85.7%) | 7 | 0.42 | 0.426 |
No | 56 (34.4%) | 107 (65.6%) | 163 | (0.07–2.58) | |
Any Comorbidity | |||||
Yes | 40 (37.7%) | 66 (62.3%) | 106 | 1.42 | 0.135 |
No | 17 (26.6%) | 47 (73.4%) | 64 | (0.88–2.29) | |
Cardiac Disease | |||||
Yes | 6 (42.9%) | 8 (57.1%) | 14 | 1.31 | 0.556 |
No | 51 (32.7%) | 105 (67.3%) | 156 | (0.69–2.50) | |
Renal Insufficiency | |||||
Yes | 16 (61.5%) | 10 (38.5%) | 26 |
2.16
|
0.001
|
No | 41 (28.5%) | 103 (71.5%) | 144 |
(1.45–3.22)
| |
Chronic Liver Disease | |||||
Yes | 21 (28.0%) | 54 (72.0%) | 75 | 0.74 | 0.175 |
No | 36 (37.9%) | 59 (62.1%) | 95 | (0.47–1.15) | |
Encephalopathy | |||||
Yes | 11 (78.6%) | 3 (21.4%) | 14 |
2.67
|
<0.001
|
No | 46 (29.5%) | 110 (70.5%) | 156 |
(1.85–3.84)
| |
Malignancy | |||||
Yes | 9 (56.3%) | 7 (43.8%) | 16 |
1.81
|
0.043
|
No | 48 (31.2%) | 106 (68.8%) | 154 |
(1.1–2.95)
| |
Hypertension | |||||
Yes | 6 (46.2%) | 7 (53.8%) | 13 | 1.42 | 0.364 |
No | 51 (32.5%) | 106 (67.5%) | 157 | (0.76–2.67) | |
Diabetes Mellitus | |||||
Yes | 4 (80.0%) | 1 (20.0%) | 5 |
2.49
|
0.044
|
No | 53 (32.1%) | 112 (67.9%) | 165 |
(1.52–4.07)
| |
HIV | |||||
Yes | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (28.6%) | 7 |
2.24
|
0.043
|
No | 52 (31.9%) | 111 (68.1%) | 163 |
(1.33–3.76)
| |
Smoking | |||||
Yes | 3 (33.3%) | 6 (66.7%) | 9 | 0.99 | 1.000 |
No | 54 (33.5%) | 107 (66.5%) | 161 | (0.39–2.57) | |
Alcohol use in previous one week | |||||
Yes | 8 (36.4%) | 14 (63.6%) | 22 | 1.10 | 0.763 |
No | 49 (33.1%) | 99 (66.9%) | 148 | (0.60–2.00) | |
Systolic Blood Pressure | |||||
< 110 mmHg | 23 (37.1%) | 39 (62.9%) | 62 | 1.18 | 0.455 |
≥ 110 mmHg | 34 (31.5%) | 74 (68.5%) | 108 | (0.77–1.81) | |
Diastolic Blood Pressure | |||||
< 60 mmHg | 17 (31.5%) | 37 (68.5%) | 54 | 0.91 | 0.700 |
≥ 60 mmHg | 40 (34.5%) | 76 (65.5%) | 116 | (0.57–1.46) | |
Pulse Rate | |||||
> 100 bpm | 30 (38.5%) | 48 (61.5%) | 78 | 1.31 | 0.210 |
≤ 100 bpm | 27 (29.3%) | 65 (70.7%) | 92 | (0.86–2.00) | |
Respiratory Rate | |||||
> 18 bpm | 44 (32.6%) | 91 (67.4%) | 135 | 0.88 | 0.611 |
≤ 18 bpm | 13 (37.1%) | 22 (62.9%) | 35 | (0.54–1.44) | |
Arterial Oxygen Saturation | |||||
< 92% | 2 (50.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 4 | 1.51 | 0.603 |
≥ 92% | 55 (33.1%) | 111 (66.9%) | 166 | (0.55–4.12) | |
White Blood Count (k/μl) | |||||
> 11.00 | 26 (54.2%) | 22 (45.8%) | 48 |
2.23
|
<0.001
|
≤ 11.00 | 28 (24.3%) | 87 (75.7%) | 115 |
(1.47–3.37)
| |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | |||||
< 10.00 | 45 (31.7%) | 97 (68.3%) | 142 | 0.74 | 0.310 |
≥ 10.00 | 9 (42.9%) | 12 (57.1%) | 21 | (0.43–1.28) | |
Platelets (k/μl) | |||||
< 140 | 18 (26.5%) | 50 (73.5%) | 68 | 0.69 | 0.115 |
≥ 140 | 36 (38.3%) | 58 (61.7%) | 94 | (0.43–1.11) | |
Serum Creatinine (μmol/L) | |||||
> 115 | 21 (53.8%) | 18 (46.2%) | 39 |
2.20
|
0.001
|
≤ 115 | 22 (24.4%) | 68 (75.6%) | 90 |
(1.38–3.51)
| |
Serum BUN (g/dL) | |||||
> 7.4 | 21 (47.7%) | 23 (52.3%) | 44 |
2.39
|
0.003
|
≤ 7.4 | 12 (20.0%) | 48 (80.0%) | 60 |
(1.32–4.32)
| |
Serum ALT (U/L) | |||||
> 55 | 17 (73.9%) | 6 (26.1%) | 23 |
4.19
|
<0.001
|
≤ 55 | 15 (17.6%) | 70 (82.4%) | 85 |
(2.49–7.04)
| |
Serum AST (U/L) | |||||
> 34 | 24 (40.7%) | 35 (59.3%) | 59 |
2.35
|
0.007
|
≤ 34 | 9 (17.3%) | 43 (82.7%) | 52 |
(1.20–4.59)
| |
Serum Total Bilirubin (μmol/L) | |||||
> 20.5 | 13 (50.0%) | 13 (50.0%) | 26 |
5.00
|
<0.001
|
≤ 20.5 | 5 (10.0%) | 45 (90.0%) | 50 |
(2.0–12.50)
| |
Prothrombin Time (seconds) | |||||
> 12.1 | 13 (46.4%) | 15 (53.6%) | 28 |
3.71
|
0.008
|
≤ 12.1 | 3 (12.5%) | 21 (87.5%) | 24 |
(1.20–11.51)
| |
APTT (seconds) | |||||
> 30.4 | 7 (35.0%) | 13 (65.0%) | 20 | 1.08 | 0.842 |
≤ 30.4 | 11 (32.4%) | 23 (67.6%) | 34 | (0.50–2.34) | |
INR | |||||
> 1.13 | 13 (48.1%) | 14 (51.9%) | 27 |
4.17
|
0.004
|
≤ 1.13 | 3 (11.5%) | 23 (88.5%) | 26 |
(1.34–12.97)
| |
Endoscopy | |||||
Not Done | 46 (54.8%) | 38 (45.2%) | 84 |
4.28
|
<0.001
|
Done | 11 (12.8%) | 75 (87.2%) | 86 |
(2.39–7.69)
| |
Endoscopy Diagnosis | |||||
Oesophageal Varices | 6 (12.2%) | 43 (87.8%) | 49 | 0.91 | 1.000 |
Other Diagnosis | 5 (13.5%) | 32 (86.5%) | 37 | (0.30–2.74) | |
Pre-Endoscopy Rockall Score | 1.29 | ||||
> 3 | 21 (39.6%) | 32 (60.4%) | 53 | (0.84–1.98) | 0.257 |
≤ 3 | 36 (30.8%) | 81 (69.2%) | 117 | ||
Post-Endoscopy Rockall Score | |||||
> 5 | 8 (15.1%) | 45 (84.9%) | 53 | 1.61 | 0.524 |
≤ 5 | 3 (9.4%) | 29 (90.6%) | 32 | (0.46–5.63) |
Predictor | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
P value |
---|---|---|
Renal Insufficiency | 1.38 (0.54–3.51) | 0.504 |
Encephalopathy | 1.19 (0.46–3.06) | 0.723 |
HIV | 0.58 (0.16–2.07) | 0.402 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 2.14 (0.54–8.50) | 0.279 |
Malignancy | 0.58 (0.21–1.64) | 0.303 |
White Blood Cell Count >11 k/μl |
2.45 (1.23–4.89)
|
0.011
|
Serum Creatinine >115 μmol/L | 1.55 (0.57–4.23) | 0.896 |
Serum BUN >7.4 g/dL | 1.46 (0.55–3.85) | 0.445 |
Serum ALT >55 U/L |
4.22 (1.31–13.57)
|
0.016
|
Serum AST > 34 U/L | 1.11 (0.39–3.17) | 0.843 |
Serum Total Bilirubin >20.5 μmol/L |
5.79 (1.58–21.25)
|
0.008
|
Prothrombin Time > 12.1 s | 0.33 (0.01–21.14) | 0.598 |
INR > 1.13 | 8.57 (0.14–536.04) | 0.309 |
Endoscopy Not Done |
4.40 (2.11–9.17)
|
<0.001
|