Background
Methods
Study population
Data collection and management
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of study participants
Variable | All | IFG/T2D | Non IFG/T2D | P-value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1623) | (n = 93) | (n = 1530) | |||||
N | % | n | % | N | % | ||
Gender
| |||||||
Male | 666 | 41.0 | 55 | 45.1 | 611 | 40.7 | |
Female | 957 | 59.0 | 67 | 54.9 | 890 | 59.3 | 0.345 |
Age group (years)
| |||||||
25-24 | 768 | 47.3 | 22 | 18.0 | 746 | 49.7 | |
35-44 | 278 | 17.1 | 22 | 18.0 | 256 | 17.1 | |
45-54 | 337 | 20.8 | 38 | 31.2 | 299 | 19.9 | |
55-64 | 170 | 10.5 | 34 | 27.9 | 136 | 9.1 | |
65+ | 70 | 4.3 | 6 | 4.9 | 64 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
Marital status
| |||||||
Married | 852 | 52.5 | 84 | 68.9 | 768 | 51.2 | |
Single | 584 | 36.0 | 20 | 16.4 | 564 | 37.6 | |
Others | 187 | 11.5 | 18 | 14.8 | 169 | 11.3 | <0.001 |
Occupation (n = 1526)
| |||||||
Civil servant/Private sector | 591 | 38.7 | 51 | 46.4 | 540 | 38.1 | |
Self-employed/unpaid subsistence farming | 259 | 16.9 | 18 | 16.4 | 241 | 17.0 | |
Student | 197 | 12.9 | 4 | 3.6 | 193 | 13.6 | |
Retired/House keeper | 288 | 18.9 | 30 | 27.3 | 258 | 18.2 | |
Unemployed | 191 | 12.5 | 7 | 6.3 | 184 | 12.9 | <0.001 |
Highest level of education (n = 1607)
| |||||||
Never went to school to completed primary school | 366 | 22.8 | 31 | 25.6 | 335 | 22.5 | |
Completed secondary school | 405 | 25.2 | 30 | 24.8 | 375 | 25.2 | |
Completed high school | 391 | 24.3 | 27 | 22.3 | 364 | 24.5 | |
Completed university | 445 | 27.7 | 33 | 27.3 | 412 | 27.7 | 0.873 |
Weight status
| |||||||
Underweight to normal | 593 | 36.5 | 30 | 24.6 | 563 | 37.5 | |
Overweight | 562 | 34.6 | 42 | 34.4 | 520 | 34.6 | |
Obese | 468 | 28.8 | 50 | 41.0 | 418 | 27.9 | 0.003 |
Waist-to-hip ratio
| |||||||
<0.90(men) or <0.85(women) | 1029 | 63.4 | 48 | 39.3 | 981 | 65.4 | |
>0.90(men) or >0.85(women) | 594 | 36.6 | 74 | 60.7 | 520 | 34.6 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference
| |||||||
≤94(men) ≤ 80 cm(women) | 743 | 45.8 | 40 | 32.8 | 703 | 46.8 | |
94 > & < 102(men)80 > &88 cm (women) | 313 | 19.3 | 18 | 14.8 | 295 | 19.7 | |
≥102 cm(men) ≥ 88 cm(women) | 567 | 34.9 | 64 | 52.4 | 503 | 33.5 | <0.001 |
Hypertension
| |||||||
Yes | 432 | 26.6 | 51 | 41.8 | 381 | 25.4 | |
No | 1191 | 73.4 | 71 | 48.2 | 1120 | 74.6 | <0.001 |
Smoking (n = 1 607)
| |||||||
Never | 1219 | 75.9 | 91 | 75.8 | 1128 | 75.9 | |
Former | 266 | 16.5 | 19 | 15.8 | 247 | 16.6 | |
Current | 122 | 7.6 | 10 | 8.3 | 112 | 7.5 | 0.935 |
Alcohol consumption
| |||||||
Never | 269 | 16.7 | 19 | 15.6 | 250 | 16.7 | |
Former | 293 | 18.2 | 23 | 18.9 | 270 | 18.1 | |
Current | 1051 | 65.1 | 80 | 65.5 | 971 | 65.1 | 0.935 |
General physical activity
| |||||||
None | 628 | 38.6 | 37 | 30.3 | 591 | 39.4 | |
Low intensity | 837 | 51.6 | 73 | 59.8 | 764 | 50.9 | |
Moderate activity | 87 | 5.4 | 4 | 3.3 | 83 | 5.5 | |
Vigorous activity | 71 | 4.4 | 8 | 6.6 | 63 | 4.2 | 0.084 |
Walking/cycling for at least 10 minutes (n = 1 609)
| |||||||
Yes | 1339 | 83.2 | 96 | 80.7 | 1 243 | 83.4 | |
No | 270 | 16.8 | 23 | 19.3 | 247 | 16.6 | 0.440 |
Activity during recreation/leisure (n = 1614)
| |||||||
None | 89 | 5.5 | 2 | 1.7 | 87 | 5.8 | |
Low intensity | 1394 | 86.4 | 105 | 88.2 | 1 289 | 86.2 | |
Moderate activity | 42 | 2.6 | 4 | 3.4 | 38 | 2.5 | |
Vigorous activity | 89 | 5.5 | 8 | 6.7 | 81 | 5.4 | 0.251 |
Fruit consumption/week (n = 1 471)
| |||||||
0/day | 299 | 20.3 | 26 | 22.0 | 273 | 20.2 | |
1-2 days | 252 | 17.1 | 29 | 24.6 | 223 | 16.5 | |
3-4 days | 731 | 49.7 | 44 | 37.3 | 687 | 50.8 | |
5-7 days | 189 | 12.9 | 19 | 16.1 | 170 | 12.5 | 0.025 |
Vegetable consumption/week(n = 1 555)
| |||||||
1-2 days | 183 | 11.8 | 19 | 16.1 | 164 | 11.4 | |
3-4 days | 407 | 26.1 | 37 | 31.4 | 370 | 25.8 | |
5-7 days | 965 | 62.1 | 62 | 52.5 | 903 | 62.8 | 0.074 |
Prevalence of IFG/Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and obesity
Men (n = 666) | Women (n = 957) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | >65 | p-value7 | 25-34 | 35-44 | 45-54 | 55-64 | >65 | p-value7 | |||
N
|
666
|
317
|
100
|
116
|
100
|
33
|
957
|
451
|
178
|
221
|
70
|
37
| ||
Variable
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
T2D1 | 28 (4.2) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (3.6) | 8 (28.6) | 14 (50.0) | 2 (7.1) | <0.001 | 26 (2.7) | 4 (15.4) | 4 (15.4) | 10 (38.5) | 6 (23.1) | 2 (7.7) | <0.001 |
IFG/T2D2 | 45 (6.8) | 5 (11.1) | 8 (17.8) | 9 (20.0) | 21 (46.7) | 2 (4.4) | <0.001 | 48 (5.0) | 9 (18.8) | 8 (16.7) | 20 (41.7) | 8 (16.6) | 3 (6.2) | <0.001 |
Hypertension3 | 203 (30.5) | 37 (18.2) | 21 (10.3) | 58 (28.6) | 59 (29.1) | 28 (13.8) | <0.001 | 229 (23.9) | 35 (15.3) | 24 (10.5) | 101 (44.1) | 43 (18.8) | 26 (11.4) | <0.001 |
Weight status4 | ||||||||||||||
Normal weight | 314 (47.2) | 195 (62.1) | 38 (12.1) | 33 (10.5) | 32 (10.2) | 16 (5.1) | 279 (29.2) | 185 (66.3) | 38 (13.6) | 28 (10.0) | 15 (5.4) | 13 (4.7) | ||
Overweight | 243 (36.5) | 95 (39.1) | 41 (16.9) | 54 (22.2) | 44 (18.1) | 9 (3.7) | 319 (33.3) | 157 (49.2) | 60 (18.8) | 71 (22.3) | 22 (6.9) | 9 (2.8) | ||
Obese | 109 (16.4) | 27 (24.8) | 21 (19.3) | 29 (26.6) | 24 (22.0) | 8 (7.3) | <0.001 | 359 (37.5) | 109 (30.4) | 80 (22.3) | 122 (33.9) | 33 (9.2) | 15 (4.2) | <0.001 |
Waist-hip-ratio5 | ||||||||||||||
Normal | 414 (62.2) | 280 (67.6) | 58 (14.0) | 40 (9.7) | 29 (7.0) | 7 (1.7) | 615 (64.3) | 340 (55.3) | 118 (19.2) | 116 (18.9) | 29 (4.7) | 12 (1.9) | ||
Elevated | 252 (37.8) | 37 (14.7) | 42 (16.7) | 76 (30.2) | 71 (28.2) | 26 (10.3) | <0.001 | 342 (35.7) | 111 (32.5) | 60 (17.5) | 105 (30.7) | 41 (12.0) | 25 (7.3) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference6 | ||||||||||||||
Normal | 485 (72.8) | 287 (59.2) | 64 (13.2) | 65 (13.4) | 52 (10.7) | 17 (3.5) | 258 (27.0) | 185 (71.7) | 40 (15.5) | 21 (8.1) | 8 (3.1) | 4 (1.6) | ||
Increased risk | 98 (14.7) | 23 (23.5) | 17 (17.4) | 23 (23.5) | 28 (28.6) | 7 (7.1) | 215 (22.5) | 113 (52.6) | 33 (15.4) | 43 (20.0) | 15 (7.0) | 11 (5.1) | ||
Elevated | 83 (12.5) | 7 (8.4) | 19 (22.9) | 28 (33.7) | 20 (24.1) | 9 (10.8) | <0.001 | 484 (50.6) | 153 (31.6) | 105 (21.7) | 157 (32.4) | 47 (9.7) | 22 (4.6) | <0.001 |
Prevalence of lifestyle factors – tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, physical activity and dietary habits
Risk factors for IFG/T2D
Factors | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P | p for trend | OR | 95% CI | p | p for trend | |
Gender
| ||||||||
Female | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Male | 1.19 | 0.82-1.74 | 0.352 | 0.352 | 1.23 | 0.73-2.07 | 0.443 | 0.332 |
Age Group
| ||||||||
25-34 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
35-44 | 2.91 | 1.59-5.31 | 0.000 | 2.65 | 1.27-5.53 | 0.009 | ||
45-54 | 4.31 | 2.53-7.32 | 0.000 | 3.04 | 1.50-6.14 | 0.002 | ||
55-64 | 8.48 | 4.67-15.37 | 0.000 | 5.69 | 2.52-12.83 | 0.000 | ||
65+ | 3.18 | 1.28-7.90 | 0.013 | <0.001 | 1.88 | 0.60-5.86 | 0.275 | <0.001 |
Marital status
| ||||||||
Married | 1 | |||||||
Single | 0.32 | 0.19-0.54 | 0.000 | |||||
Others | 0.97 | 0.50-1.88 | 0.937 | 0.119 | ||||
Weight status
| ||||||||
Normal | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Overweight | 1.52 | 0.90-2.55 | 0.117 | 0.92 | 0.47-1.80 | 0.810 | ||
Obese | 2.24 | 1.33-3.78 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 1.14 | 0.56-2.34 | 0.704 | 0.503 |
Waist-hip ratio
| ||||||||
<1.0 (men) or <0.85 (women) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
>1.0 (men) or >0.85 (women) | 2.91 | 1.99-4.25 | 0.000 | <0.001 | 2.21 | 1.22-4.01 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
Waist circumference in cm
| ||||||||
≤94 (men) or ≤80 (women) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
94 > & < 102 (men) or 80 > & < 88 (women) | 1.07 | 0.59-1.96 | 0.821 | 0.71 | 0.33-1.53 | |||
≥102 (men) or ≥88 (women) | 2.23 | 1.45-3.46 | 0.000 | <0.001 | 1.08 | 0.48-2.47 | 0.850 | 0.798 |
Prevalence of hypertension
| ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Yes | 2.11 | 1.42-3.13 | 0.000 | <0.001 | 1.58 | 0.92-2.72 | 0.100 | 0.145 |
Smoking
| ||||||||
Never | 1 | |||||||
Former | 0.95 | 0.57-1.60 | 0.857 | |||||
Current | 1.11 | 0.56-2.19 | 0.771 | 0.888 | ||||
Alcohol consumption
| ||||||||
Never drank | 1 | |||||||
Former | 1.12 | 0.57-2.21 | 0.743 | |||||
Current | 1.08 | 0.65-1.81 | 0.758 | 0.820 | ||||
General physical activity
| ||||||||
None | 1 | |||||||
Low intensity | 1.53 | 0.96-2.42 | 0.073 | |||||
Moderate activity | 0.77 | 0.26-2.29 | 0.637 | |||||
Vigorous activity | 2.03 | 0.88-4.69 | 0.098 | 0.111 |