Background
Methods
Study design
Household questionnaire
Statistical analysis
Analysis of risk factors
Characteristics | Category | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Respondent age-group | <20 years | 17 | 1.6 |
20–40years | 405 | 37 | |
41–60year | 507 | 46.3 | |
>60 years | 167 | 15.2 | |
Sex | Female | 351 | 32 |
Male | 745 | 68 | |
Religion | Christian | 1065 | 97.2 |
Muslim | 4 | 0.4 | |
SDA | 10 | 0.9 | |
Traditional beliefs | 17 | 1.6 | |
Ethnic grouping | Baganda | 670 | 61.1 |
Basoga | 339 | 30.9 | |
Banyankole | 15 | 1.4 | |
Others | 72 | 6.6 | |
Level of education | Never been | 114 | 10.4 |
Primary | 550 | 50.2 | |
Secondary | 349 | 31.8 | |
Tertiary | 83 | 7.6 | |
Primary activity | Livestock | 198 | 18.1 |
Crop farming | 747 | 68.2 | |
Civil service | 38 | 3.47 | |
Business | 59 | 5.38 | |
Others | 54 | 4.93 |
Analysis of perceptions and practices
Results
Determination of risk factors of T. solium cysticercosis
Factor | Number of pigs | Seropositive pigs (%) | p-value | Odds (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pig category | ||||
Weanera | 455 | 60(13.2) | - | - |
Gilt | 25 | 2(8) | 0.457 | 0.572 (0.132–2.490) |
Castrate | 178 | 28(15.7) | 0.406 | 1.229 (0.756–1.999) |
Boar | 177 | 17(9.6) | 0.218 | 0.699 (0.396–1.236) |
Sow | 350 | 37(10.6) | 0.259 | 0.778 (0.503–1.203) |
At least grazed on pasture | ||||
Yes | 786 | 101(12.8) | 0.611 | 0.899 (0.597–1.355) |
Noa | 299 | 35(11.7) | - | - |
Husbandry systems | ||||
Intensivea | 501 | 59(11.8) | - | - |
Free range | 13 | 1(7.7) | 0.354 | 0.709 (0.342–1.469) |
Tethering | 577 | 75(13) | 0.544 | 0.893 (0.621–1.286) |
Breed type | ||||
Locala | 195 | 26(13.3) | - | - |
Cross | 733 | 104(14.2) | 0.005 | 2.659 (1.349–5.243) |
Exotic | 256 | 14(5.5) | 0.000 | 2.858 (1.604–5.091) |
Deworm pigs | ||||
Yesa | 797 | 102(12.8) | - | - |
No | 388 | 42(10.9) | 0.337 | 0.829 (0.566–1.215) |
Source of pig | ||||
Born on farma | 326 | 42(13.2) | - | - |
Trader | 758 | 89(11.7) | 0.746 | 0.810 (0.227–2.898) |
NGO/NAADS | 15 | 2(12.5) | 0.782 | 0.821 (0.119–5.675) |
Gift | 62 | 7(11.3) | 0.591 | 0.710 (0.119–5.670) |
Boar pay | 19 | 3(15.8) | 0.604 | 0.679 (0.157–2.930) |
Factor | Number of pigs | Seropositive pigs (%) | p-value | Odds (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Level of education | ||||
None | 114 | 11(9.7) | 0.073 | 0.449(0.187–1.079) |
Primary | 548 | 68(12.4) | 0.06 | 0.452(0.197–1.033) |
Secondary | 348 | 40(11.5) | 0.089 | 0.593(0.325–1.083) |
Tertiarya | 83 | 16(19.3) | - | - |
Training in pig management | ||||
Yesa | 488 | 62(12.7) | - | - |
No | 603 | 73(12.1) | 0.397 | 0.728(0.348–1.52) |
Water sources | ||||
Unprotecteda | 419 | 37(8.8) | - | - |
Protected | 677 | 98(14.5) | 0.008 | 0.583(0.391–0.870) |
Boil water | ||||
Alwaysa | 638 | 79(12.4) | - | - |
Never | 453 | 56(12.4) | 0.992 | 1.002(0.695–1.444) |
Eating pork | ||||
At least once a month | 640 | 81(12.7) | 0.281 | 0.653(0.3–1.418) |
After a month | 204 | 20(9.8) | 0.644 | 0.904(0.587–1.39) |
Nevera | 246 | 34(13.8) | - | - |
Slaughter at home | ||||
Once a year | 101 | 8(16.5) | 0.200 | 0.629(0.31–1.278) |
After a year | 21 | 4(19) | 0.157 | 0.583(0.276–1.231) |
Nevera | 957 | 123(12.9) | - | - |
Inspection on slaughter | ||||
Alwaysa | 11 | 0 | - | - |
Sometimes | 20 | 3(15) | 0.59 | 0.687(0.175–2.692) |
Never | 111 | 12(10.8) | 0.999 | 0.000 |
Presence of latrine | ||||
No | 133 | 3(6) | 0.384 | 0.729(0.358–1.484) |
Yesa | 1041 | 132(12.7) | - | - |
Unable to use latrine | ||||
Yes | 595 | 90(15.1) | 0.006 | 0.581(0.395–0.855) |
Noa | 458 | 43(9.4) | - | - |
Know transmission cycle | ||||
Yes | 121 | 26(21.5) | 0.002 | 0.463(0.287–0.746) |
Noa | 975 | 109(11.2) | - | - |
Variable | B coefficient | P-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Breed type | |||
Local | Reference | ||
Cross | 1.17 | 0.001 | 3.221 (1.599–6.488) |
Exotic | 1.135 | 0.000 | 3.110 (1.733–5.580) |
Level of education | |||
None | Reference | ||
Primary | −0.687 | 0.111 | 0.503 (0.216–1.172) |
Secondary | −0.443 | 0.161 | 0.642 (0.345–1.194) |
Tertiary | −0.542 | 0.104 | 0.582 (0.303–1.118) |
Know transmission cycle | |||
Yes | −0.743 | 0.003 | 0.476 (0.291–0.779) |
No | Reference | ||
Water source | |||
Unprotected | Reference | ||
Protected | −0.644 | 0.020 | 0.525 (0.350–0.787) |
Unable to use latrine | |||
Yes | Reference | ||
No | −0.551 | 0.006 | 0.576 (0.389–0.853) |
Determination of perceptions and practices of farmers
Farmers’ perceptions of the three conditions
Knowledge variable | Taeniosis, n (%) | Human cysticercosis, n (%) | Porcine cysticercosis, n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
How condition clinically manifests | 782 (71.4) | 56 (5.1) | 319 (29.1) |
How condition is acquired | 780 (71.2) | 22 (2.0) | 127 (11.6) |
Organs affected | 683 (62.4) | 32 (2.9) | 127 (11.6) |
Effects of condition | 683 (62.4) | 56 (5.1) | 11 (1.0) |
How to control condition | 658 (60) | 22 (2.0) | 38 (3.5) |
Categories | Taeniosis (%) | Porcine cysticercosis (%) | Human cysticercosis (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 495/745 (66.4) | 107/745 (14.4) | 29/745 (3.9) |
Female | 223/351 (63.5) | 18/351 (5.1) | 8/351 (2.2) |
Level of education | |||
None | 71/114 (62.3) | 18/114 (15.8) | 4/114 (3.5) |
Primary | 344/550 (62.6) | 71/550 (12.9) | 19/550 (3.5) |
Secondary | 224/349 (64.2) | 18/349 (5.2) | 12/349 (3.4) |
Tertiary | 79/83 (95.2) | 18/83 (21.7) | 2/83 (2.4) |
District | |||
Kamuli | 160/400 (40.0) | 40/400 (10.0) | 6/400 (1.5) |
Masaka | 259/324 (79.9) | 67/324 (20.7) | 16/324 (4.9) |
Mukono | 293/372 (78.8) | 18/372 (4.8) | 15/372 (4.0) |
Control practices
Deworming practice | Kamuli | Masaka | Mukono | Total, n (%) |
X
2
| P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deworming pigs | 4.295 | 0.000 | ||||
Yes | 303 | 357 | 371 | 1031 (94.1) | ||
No | 39 | 18 | 8 | 65 (6.3) | ||
Deworm pigs how often | 3.495 | 0.000 | ||||
3 months interval | 94 | 178 | 216 | 488 (44.5) | ||
Once a month | 131 | 110 | 93 | 334 (30.5) | ||
> 3 months interval | 84 | 64 | 61 | 209 (25.0) | ||
Drugs used | ||||||
Albendazole | 122 | 229 | 209 | 932 (85.0) | ||
Ivermectin | 33 | 23 | 108 | 164 (15.0) | ||
Deworming self and family | 4.97 | 0.000 | ||||
Yes | 143 | 244 | 293 | 680 (62.0) | ||
No | 197 | 129 | 90 | 416 (38.0) | ||
How often | 2.338 | 0.000 | ||||
Once a month | 44 | 50 | 20 | 114 (16.8) | ||
3 months interval | 42 | 117 | 167 | 326 (47.9) | ||
> 3 months | 57 | 77 | 106 | 240 (35.3) | ||
Drugs used | 2.492 | 0.000 | ||||
Albendazole | 122 | 228 | 204 | 554 (81.5) | ||
Ivermectin | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 (0.15) | ||
Praziquantel | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 (0.74) | ||
Others | 23 | 13 | 84 | 120 (17.7) |
Practice | Masaka | Mukono | Kamuli | Total, n (%) |
X
2
| P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Practice hand washing | 0.698 | 0.706 | ||||
Yes | 203 | 201 | 194 | 598 (54.6) | ||
No | 185 | 163 | 150 | 498 (45.4) | ||
Presence of clean water and soap | 16.944 | 0.00 | ||||
Both present | 172 | 174 | 113 | 459 (76.8) | ||
Only water present | 217 | 200 | 220 | 139 (23.2) |