Background
Methods
Datasets
Variable selection
Outcomes
Main independent variables
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Characteristic | Total N = 249 | AUDITa score 0–7 n = 101 | AUDITa score 8–19 n = 81 | AUDITa score 20–40 n = 67 | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age: mean (SD) | 34.3 (4.8) | 34.6 (4.9) | 34 (5.1) | 34.2 (4.2) | 0.70 |
Male | 184 (74%) | 72 (71%) | 64 (79%) | 48 (72%) | 0.44 |
Married or partnered | 84 (34%) | 32 (32%) | 30 (37%) | 22 (33%) | 0.52 |
Education (less than 9 grades) | 67 (27%) | 24 (24%) | 24 (30%) | 19 (28%) | 0.36 |
Depressive symptoms CES-D ≥ 16 | 208 (88%) | 79 (84%) | 67 (88%) | 62 (95%) | 0.06 |
Social support: mean (SD) | 19 (5) | 19 (5) | 19 (5) | 19 (5) | 0.85 |
Stigma score: mean (SD)a
| 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.62 |
Injection drug use, past-montha
| 130 (52%) | 41 (41%) | 51 (63%) | 38 (57%) | < 0.001 |
Opioid craving: mean (SD)a
| 49 (38) | 41 (37) | 54 (36) | 53 (41) | 0.04 |
Linked to care | 119 (48%) | 48 (48%) | 39 (48%) | 32 (48%) | 1.00 |
ART initiation | 31 (12%) | 13 (13%) | 11 (14%) | 7 (10%) | 0.85 |
Results
Participant characteristics
Characteristic | Total N = 249 | IDU past montha
n = 130 | No IDU past montha
n = 119 | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age: mean (SD) | 34.3 (4.8) | 33.6 (5.1) | 35.1 (4.3) | 0.01 |
Male | 184 (74%) | 89 (69%) | 95 (80%) | 0.04 |
Married or partnered | 83 (33%) | 45 (35%) | 38 (32%) | 0.23 |
Education (less than 9 grades) | 68 (27%) | 39 (30%) | 29 (24%) | 0.06 |
Depressive symptoms CES-D ≥ 16 | 208 (88%) | 113 (92%) | 95 (85%) | 0.10 |
Social support: mean (SD) | 19 (5) | 19 (5) | 19 (5) | 0.25 |
Stigma score: mean (SD)a
| 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.85 |
AUDITa
| ||||
Score 0–7 | 100 (40%) | 41 (31%) | 59 (50%) | 0.009 |
Score 8–19 | 81 (33%) | 51 (39%) | 30 (25%) | |
Score 20–40 | 67 (27%) | 38 (29%) | 29 (25%) | |
Opioid craving: mean (SD)a
| 49 (38) | 71 (31) | 24 (29) | < 0.001 |
Linked to care | 119 (48%) | 57 (43.8%) | 62 (52%) | 0.21 |
ART initiation | 31 (12%) | 15 (11%) | 16 (13%) | 0.70 |
CD4 cell count: mean (SD) | 365 (260) | 340 (256) | 393 (264) | 0.11 |
Regression analyses
Linkage to HIV care
Variable | Outcome | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linkage to care and unhealthy alcohol use n = 249 | Linkage to care and IDU n = 249 | Linkage to care and opioid craving n = 250 | ||||
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
AUDIT 20–40 Alcohol dependence | 1.14 (0.57, 2.29) | 0.72 | – | – | – | – |
AUDIT 8–19 Hazardous drinking | 1.26 (0.65, 2.44) | 0.49 | – | – | – | – |
IDU | – | – | 0.79 (0.45, 1.38) | 0.40 | – | – |
Opioid craving 30–70 | – | – | – | – | 0.78 (0.39, 1.57) | 0.49 |
Opioid craving 71–100 | – | – | – | – | 0.84 (0.43, 1.64) | 0.61 |
Gender (female vs. male) | 1.45 (0.74, 2.84) | 0.27 | 1.45 (0.74, 2.82) | 0.27 | 1.39 (0.72, 2.71) | 0.33 |
Age | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.90 | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.93 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.97 |
Stigma (continuous) | 0.71 (0.44, 1.14) | 0.16 | 0.71 (0.44, 1.14) | 0.15 | 0.71 (0.44, 1.15) | 0.16 |
Social support (continuous) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.95 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.88 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.91 |
Married or partnered | 0.46 (0.24, 0.89) | 0.02 | 0.45 (0.23, 0.87) | 0.01 | 0.47 (0.24, 0.91) | 0.02 |
Separated, divorced, or widowed | 1.05 (0.49, 2.28) | 0.89 | 1.09 (0.51, 2.32) | 0.82 | 1.07 (0.50, 2.29) | 0.85 |
Education | 1.97 (1.02, 3.78) | 0.04 | 1.91 (0.99, 3.68) | 0.05 | 1.99 (1.03, 3.84) | 0.04 |
Depressive symptoms (past-week symptoms) | 0.83 (0.34, 2.00) | 0.67 | 0.87 (0.36, 2.08) | 0.74 | 0.90 (0.37, 2.19) | 0.82 |
Income (high vs. low) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.96) | 0.91 | 1.09 (0.58, 2.02) | 0.79 | 1.09 (0.58, 2.04) | 0.78 |
Homeless | 1.70 (0.30, 9.57) | 0.54 | 1.75 (0.31, 9.93) | 0.52 | 1.87 (0.33, 10.59) | 0.48 |
ART and suppressed HIV viral load
Variable | Outcome | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ART and unhealthy alcohol use n = 249 use | ART and IDU n = 249 | ART and opioid craving n = 250 | ||||
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
AUDIT 20-40 Alcohol dependence | 0.98 (0.37, 2.57) | 0.97 | – | – | – | – |
AUDIT 8–19 Hazardous drinking | 1.24 (0.52, 2.95) | 0.62 | – | – | – | – |
IDU | – | – | 0.89 (0.41, 1.90) | 0.76 | – | – |
Opioid Craving 30–70 | – | – | – | – | 1.34 (0.53, 3.37) | 0.53 |
Opioid Craving 71–100 | – | – | – | – | 1.16 (0.46, 2.92) | 0.76 |
Gender (female vs. male) | 1.25 (0.52, 2.97) | 0.61 | 1.23 (0.51, 2.93) | 0.64 | 1.22 (0.51, 2.90) | 0.65 |
Age | 1.04 (0.97, 1.13) | 0.28 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.31 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 0.27 |
Stigma | 0.74 (0.39, 1.40) | 0.35 | 0.73 (0.39, 1.40) | 0.35 | 0.74 (0.39, 1.40) | 0.35 |
Variable | Outcome | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suppressed HVL and AUDIT | Suppressed HVL and IDU | Suppressed HVL and opioid craving | ||||
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
AUDIT 20–40 Alcohol dependence | 3.07 (0.32, 29.06) | 0.33 | – | – | – | – |
AUDIT 8–19 Hazardous drinking | 1.77 (0.20, 15.82) | 0.61 | – | – | – | – |
IDU | – | – | 0.90 (0.15, 5.25) | 0.90 | – | – |
Opioid craving 30–70 | – | – | – | – | 0.96 (0.16, 5.86) | 0.97 |
Opioid craving 71–100 | – | – | – | – | 0.27 (0.01, 6.48) | 0.42 |