Background
The Social Ecological Model
The Theory of Triadic Influence
Relevance of a systematic review of SEM and TTI
Methods
Criteria for selecting studies for this review
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Geography - Include any country. Priority given to Sub-Saharan African countries.
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Time - Include studies starting from the year 2000 to date.
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Participants - Includes all people with health behavior affected from intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community and policy level, in accordance with the SEM. For the TTI, from ultimate, distal and proximal levels; as well as intrapersonal, interpersonal social and socio-cultural environment streams.
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Disease - Priority is given to cancers and diseases that can be screened or vaccinated against. Also include substance abuse/risk behavior if they illustrate the use of the TTI.
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Exposure/Intervention - Primary and secondary prevention procedures including vaccination, screening methods and control of risk behavior.
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Comparison - May not be applicable in this study but will include people who do not practice primary and secondary prevention measures.
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Study Model - Include Social Ecological Model and Theory of Triadic Influence.
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Outcome - Set of optimal preventive measures by SEM and TTI.
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Language - Include only studies that are in English language.
Databases searched | Limitations | Search terms |
---|---|---|
Medline | Date Published:2000/01/01–2015/12/31a
Language: English Document type: Academic Journals | Social Ecological Model ANDb Screening Social Ecological Model ANDb Vaccination Social Ecological Model ANDb Vaccine Social Ecological Model ANDb Immunisation Social Ecological Model ANDb Immunization Theory of Triadic Influence |
Ovid | Date Published: 2000/01/01–2015/12/31a
Language: English Participants: Human | |
Proquest | Date Published: 2000/01/01–2015/12/31a
Language: English Document type: Scholarly Journals | |
PubMed | Date Published: 2000/01/01–2015/12/31 Language: English Participants: Human | |
University of Antwerp Discovery Service | Date Published: 2000/01/01–2015/12/31 Language: English Document type: Academic Journals | |
Web of Science | Date Published: 2000/01/01–2015/12/31a
Language: English Document type: Article |
Data collection and analysis
Indicator | Categorization | Criteria |
---|---|---|
1. Clarity of CRQ(s)/hypothesis | 0. Missing | At best, only sub-questions specified |
1. Unclear | CRQs supplied inappropriately (e.g., only in abstract) or incomprehensively (e.g., as identification of a research gap) | |
2. Clear | ||
2. Clarity of data collection methods | 0. Missing | None specified |
1. Unclear | Incompletely specified (e.g., type of interview/observation; application) | |
2. Clear | ||
3. Clarity of sampling plan | 0. Missing | None specified |
1. Unclear | Missing for at least one reported data collection method | |
2. Clear | ||
4. Clarity of sampling size | 0. Missing | None specified |
1. Unclear | Imprecise (e.g., ‘more than’), or missing for at least one reported data collection method | |
2. Clear | ||
5. Clarity of analysis method | 0. Missing | None specified |
1. Present | At least some description of data handling after collection (e.g., mention of transcription, CAQDA, grounded theory, content analysis, regression analysis, etc.) | |
6. Clarity of conclusions | 0. Missing | None specified, or none with a relationship to research questions |
1. Present | At least one conclusion has a (however weak) link with one of the research questions | |
7. Clarity of limitations | 0. Missing | None specified |
1. Unclear | Possible instrument effects and/or fallacies are mentioned but without further discussion | |
2. Clear | research limitations are appropriately identified |
Results
Description of studies
Field/Topic | Item(s) | Articles using SEM | Articles using TTI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percent | Frequency | Percent | ||
Location | USA | 25 | 62.5 | 17 | 37.0 |
Canada | 2 | 5.0 | 1 | 2.2 | |
India | 2 | 5.0 | - | 0.0 | |
Netherlands | - | 0.0 | 7 | 15.2 | |
Australia | 1 | 2.5 | 3 | 6.5 | |
Study participantsa
| Women | 14 | 26.9 | 1 | 1.6 |
Books/journal articles | 10 | 19.2 | 4 | 6.3 | |
Men | 7 | 13.5 | - | 0.0 | |
Students | - | 0.0 | 22 | 34.9 | |
Parents/guardians | 1 | 1.9 | 9 | 14.3 | |
Adolescents | - | 0.0 | 8 | 12.7 | |
Aim/Objective | To form or evaluate interventions | 12 | 30.0 | 14 | 30.4 |
Determine the acceptance or non-acceptance of screening, vaccination or treatment | 11 | 27.5 | 1 | 2.2 | |
Determine the cause of behavior | 7 | 17.5 | 19 | 41.3 | |
Explore views | 3 | 7.5 | 2 | 4.3 | |
Disease/Condition | Breast cancer | 6 | 15 | - | 0.0 |
Colorectal cancer | 4 | 10 | 1 | 2.2 | |
Cervical cancer | 3 | 7.5 | - | 0.0 | |
Substance abuse | - | 0.0 | 23 | 50.0 | |
Skin cancer | - | 0.0 | 1 | 2.2 | |
Intervention | Screening | 29 | 72.5 | 2 | 4.3 |
Vaccination | 9 | 22.5 | - | 0.0 | |
Substance Abuse/Risk Behavior | 5 | 12.5 | 20 | 43.5 | |
Study design (primary) | Cross-sectional | 5 | 12.5 | 16 | 34.8 |
Case study | 4 | 10.0 | 1 | 2.2 | |
Cohort | 2 | 5.0 | 4 | 8.7 | |
Longitudinal | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 19.6 | |
Randomized controlled trial | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 10.9 | |
Study design (secondary) | Simple overviews | 12 | 30.0 | 4 | 8.7 |
Systematic reviews | 3 | 7.5 | 2 | 4.3 | |
Guideline | 1 | 2.5 | 3 | 6.5 | |
Sampling strategya
| Judgmental | 14 | 26.9 | 17 | 27.0 |
Convenience | 11 | 21.2 | 20 | 31.7 | |
Simple random | 4 | 7.7 | 9 | 14.3 | |
Stratified | 4 | 7.7 | 3 | 4.8 | |
Snowball | 1 | 1.9 | 8 | 12.7 | |
Not reported | 11 | 21.2 | 19 | 30.2 | |
Data collection methoda
| Secondary data | 15 | 28.8 | 12 | 19.0 |
Interviews | 14 | 26.9 | 9 | 14.3 | |
Questionnaires | 13 | 25.0 | 41 | 65.1 | |
Not reported | 1 | 1.9 | 1 | 1.6 | |
Outcome variablesa
| Screening was practiced | 19 | 36.5 | 2 | 3.2 |
Screening is not practiced | 3 | 5.8 | - | 0.0 | |
Vaccination is practiced | 8 | 15.4 | - | 0.0 | |
Vaccination not practiced | 5 | 9.6 | - | 0.0 | |
Risk behavior is practiced | 1 | 1.9 | 40 | 63.5 | |
Risk behavior is not practiced | 2 | 3.8 | 19 | 30.6 | |
Not reported | 8 | 15.4 | 6 | 9.5 | |
Positive predictors | Positive influences and surroundings | 18 | 45.0 | 21 | 45.7 |
Having knowledge or awareness | 18 | 45.0 | 5 | 10.9 | |
Recommendations from healthcare providers | 13 | 32.5 | 1 | 2.2 | |
Access to healthcare providers or facilities | 13 | 32.5 | 3 | 6.5 | |
Personal beliefs | 6 | 15.0 | 13 | 28.3 | |
enforcing policies/rules | 9 | 22.5 | 6 | 13.0 | |
Not reported | 10 | 25.0 | 13 | 28.3 | |
Negative predictors | Negative personal beliefs | 15 | 37.5 | 17 | 37.0 |
Negative influences and surroundings | 13 | 32.5 | 28 | 60.9 | |
Lack of access to healthcare providers or facilities | 11 | 27.5 | 2 | 4.3 | |
Culture of the group of people | 4 | 10.0 | 7 | 15.2 | |
Not reported | 15 | 37.5 | 11 | 23.9 |
Quality Assessment
Indicator | Categorization | Articles using SEM | Articles using TTI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percenta
| Frequency | Percenta
| ||
1. Clarity of CRQ(s)/hypothesis | 0. Missing | 10 | 25.0 | 6 | 13.0 |
1. Unclear | 19 | 47.5 | 18 | 39.1 | |
2. Clear | 11 | 27.5 | 22 | 47.8 | |
2. Clarity of data collection methods | 0. Missing | 10 | 25.0 | 5 | 10.9 |
1. Unclear | 3 | 7.5 | 1 | 2.2 | |
2. Clear | 27 | 67.5 | 40 | 87.0 | |
3. Clarity of sampling plan | 0. Missing | 17 | 42.5 | 17 | 37.0 |
1.Unclear | 4 | 10.0 | 2 | 4.3 | |
2. Clear | 19 | 47.5 | 27 | 58.7 | |
4. Clarity of sampling size | 0. Missing | 13 | 32.5 | 7 | 15.2 |
1. Unclear | 3 | 7.5 | 8 | 17.4 | |
2. Clear | 24 | 60.0 | 31 | 67.4 | |
5. Clarity of analysis method | 0. Missing | 17 | 42.5 | 8 | 17.4 |
1. Present | 23 | 57.5 | 38 | 82.6 | |
6. Clarity of conclusions | 0. Missing | - | 0.0 | - | 0.0 |
1. Present | 40 | 100.0 | 46 | 100.0 | |
7. Clarity of limitations | 0. Missing | 16 | 40.0 | 8 | 17.4 |
1. Unclear | 6 | 15.0 | 2 | 4.3 | |
2. Clear | 18 | 45.0 | 36 | 78.3 |