Introduction
Methods
Study design
Study population
Sampling strategy
Definition of variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Description of the study population and second-hand smoking
Total second-hand smoking | p-value* | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 753) | Yes (n = 144) | ||
Sex | 0.08 | ||
Female | 432 (57.3%) | 67 (47.1%) | |
Male | 321 (42.7%) | 77 (52.9%) | |
Age | 0.002 | ||
< 30 years | 188 (26.3%) | 59 (43.6%) | |
30–39 years | 196 (25.3%) | 29 (21.1%) | |
40–49 years | 195 (26.0%) | 29 (15.6%) | |
50–59 years | 174 (22.4%) | 27 (19.7%) | |
Education level | 0.003 | ||
< 7 years | 193 (20.0%) | 17 (6.8%) | |
7–11 years | 278 (35.3%) | 63 (43.4%) | |
12 + years | 282 (44.7%) | 64 (49.7%) | |
Socioeconomic position | 0.45 | ||
Low | 258 (29.6%) | 42 (26.3%) | |
Middle | 251 (32.0%) | 41 (28.9%) | |
High | 244 (38.4%) | 61 (44.9%) | |
Current smoking | < 0.001 | ||
No current smoking | 682 (89.0%) | 98 (67.5%) | |
Current smoking | 59 (9.2%) | 36 (23.2%) | |
Daily smoking | 12 (1.8%) | 10 (9.3%) | |
Alcohol drinking | < 0.001 | ||
No in the last 12 months | 203 (23.0%) | 19 (10.6%) | |
Last 12 months, but not last 30 days | 213 (27.6%) | 24 (17.2%) | |
During last 30 days | 337 (49.4%) | 101 (72.2%) | |
Physical activity | 0.74 | ||
Moderate/high levels | 545 (70.7%) | 104 (72.2%) | |
Low levels | 208 (29.3%) | 40 (27.8%) |
Hypertension and cardiovascular risk
Hypertension status | p-value* | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 799) | Yes (n = 98) | ||
Sex | 0.06 | ||
Female | 447 (56.8%) | 52 (46.3%) | |
Male | 352 (43.2%) | 46 (53.7%) | |
Age | < 0.001 | ||
< 30 years | 236 (30.8%) | 11 (12.7%) | |
30–39 years | 211 (26.0%) | 14 (12.9%) | |
40–49 years | 201 (24.4%) | 23 (23.8%) | |
50–59 years | 151 (18.8%) | 50 (50.7%) | |
Education level | 0.03 | ||
< 7 years | 178 (16.7%) | 32 (29.0%) | |
7–11 years | 308 (36.9%) | 33 (33.7%) | |
12 + years | 313 (46.4%) | 33 (37.3%) | |
Socioeconomic position | 0.79 | ||
Low | 270 (29.3%) | 30 (26.9%) | |
Middle | 261 (31.7%) | 31 (29.8%) | |
High | 268 (39.0%) | 37 (43.3%) | |
Current smoking | 0.33 | ||
No current smoking | 693 (85.5%) | 87 (87.0%) | |
Current smoking | 85 (11.3%) | 10 (12.4%) | |
Daily smoking | 21 (3.2%) | 1 (0.6%) | |
Alcohol drinking | 0.52 | ||
No in the last 12 months | 197 (20.8%) | 25 (23.7%) | |
Last 12 months, but not last 30 days | 207 (25.6%) | 30 (29.4%) | |
During last 30 days | 395 (53.6%) | 43 (46.9%) | |
Physical activity | 0.62 | ||
Moderate/high levels | 579 (71.2%) | 70 (68.1%) | |
Low levels | 220 (28.8%) | 28 (31.9%) |
Cardiovascular risk | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Framingham risk score | WHO cardiovascular risk score | |||
Mean (95% CI) | p-value | Mean (95% CI) | p-value | |
Sex | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
Female | 2.9% (2.5–3.3%) | 1.3% (1.2–1.5%) | ||
Male | 7.5% (6.5–8.5%) | 2.0% (1.8–2.2%) | ||
Age | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
< 30 years | 0.9% (0.6–1.0%) | 0.5% (0.4–0.6%) | ||
30–39 years | 2.9% (2.4–3.5%) | 1.0% (0.8–1.1%) | ||
40–49 years | 5.3% (4.6–6.0%) | 1.7% (1.5–1.9%) | ||
50–59 years | 12.3% (10.5–14.1%) | 3.7% (3.2–4.1%) | ||
Education level | 0.80 | 0.33 | ||
< 7 years | 5.2% (4.3–6.0%) | 1.8% (1.5–2.0%) | ||
7–11 years | 5.1% (4.2–5.9%) | 1.6% (1.4–1.8%) | ||
12 + years | 4.8% (3.9–5.6%) | 1.6% (1.3–1.8%) | ||
Socioeconomic position | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
Low | 3.6% (3.0–4.2%) | 1.3% (1.1–1.5%) | ||
Middle | 4.8% (3.9–5.8%) | 1.6% (1.3–1.8%) | ||
High | 6.0% (5.0–7.1%) | 1.9% (1.6–2.1%) | ||
Current smoking | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
No current smoking | 4.2% (3.8–4.7%) | 1.4% (1.3–1.5%) | ||
Current smoking | 8.9% (6.1–11.7%) | 2.8% (2.1–3.5%) | ||
Daily smoking | 10.8% (5.9–15.7%) | 3.6% (2.3–4.8%) | ||
Alcohol drinking | 0.13 | 0.09 | ||
No in the last 12 months | 4.4% (3.5–5.3%) | 1.5% (1.2–1.7%) | ||
Last 12 months, but not last 30 days | 4.4% (3.5–5.4%) | 1.4% (1.2–1.6%) | ||
During last 30 days | 5.4% (4.6–6.3%) | 1.7% (1.5–1.9%) | ||
Physical activity | 0.98 | 0.96 | ||
Moderate/high levels | 4.9% (4.3–5.6%) | 1.6% (1.4–1.8%) | ||
Low levels | 5.0% (4.0–6.0%) | 1.6% (1.3–1.9%) |
Second-hand smoking and cardiovascular risk
Prevalence | Crude model | Adjusted model* | |
---|---|---|---|
n/N (%) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | |
Hypertension | |||
Total second-hand smoking | |||
No | 90/880 (9.1%) | Reference | Reference |
Yes | 21/151 (14.5%) | 1.70 (0.92–3.13) | 2.42 (1.25–4.67) |
Cardiovascular risk (10-year) | Mean | Crude model | Adjusted model* |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Framingham risk score | |||
Total second-hand smoking | |||
No | 4.7% (4.2–5.3%) | Reference | Reference |
Yes | 6.2% (4.7–7.8%) | 1.5% (0.0–3.1%) | 1.2% (0.1–2.3%) |
WHO cardiovascular risk score | |||
Total second-hand smoking | |||
No | 1.6% (1.4–1.7%) | Reference | Reference |
Yes | 1.9% (1.5–2.3%) | 0.3% (0.0–0.7%) | 0.2% (0.1–0.5%) |