Background
Knowledge gaps
Aim of the study
Methods
Patients and samples
Year | 2015a
| 2014a
| 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb [μg/m3] | Bielsko-Biala | 0,024 ± 0,021 | 0,027 ± 0,021 | 0,04 | 0,02 | 0,04 | 0,05 | 0,04 |
Ruda Slaska | 0,040 ± 0,015b
| 0,044 ± 0,022b
| 0,07 | 0,06 | 0,05 | 0,08 | 0,07 | |
Cd in PM10 [ng/m3] | Bielsko-Biala | 0,58 ± 0,41 | 0,65 ± 0,53 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Ruda Slaska | 0,84 ± 0,45b
| 1,40 ± 1,21b
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
PM10 [μg/m3] | Bielsko-Biala | 36,80 ± 14,54 | 37,92 ± 14,61 | 0-36 | 0-43 | 40-58 | 35-43 | 30-42 |
Ruda Slaska | 39,17 ± 14,30b
| 43,33 ± 15,36b
| 40-60 | 46-56 | 31-57 | 41-72 | 41-63 |
Heavy metal analysis
Element | Certified value | Experimental value |
---|---|---|
Pb | 1.335 ± 0.014 | 1.483 ± 0.024 |
Cd | 0.011a
| 0.013 ± 0.010 |
Fe | 99 ± 8 | 112 ± 14 |
Mn | 1.16a
| 1.32 ± 0.36 |
Cr | 0.03b
| 0.03 ± 0.010 |
Cu | 0.8a
| 0.91 ± 0.07 |
Zn | 147 ± 16 | 141 ± 12 |
Statistical analysis
Results
Samples from people living in Bielsko-Biala (n = 33) | Samples from people living in Ruda Slaska (n = 34) |
p - level*
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Mean ± standard deviation | Min - Max | 95% conf. limits of mean | Mean ± standard deviation | Min - Max | 95% conf. limits of mean | ||
Pb | Teeth | 10.29 ± 1.90 | 6.24 - 14.26 | 9.09 - 12.49 | 13.23 ± 1.93 | 6.26 - 18.10 | 11.21-15.25 | 0.038a
|
Bone | 3.53 ± 2.02 | 1.04 - 8.44 | 2.85 - 4.28 | 7.95 ± 2.66 | 2.06 - 13.30 | 7.02 - 8.88 | <0.001a
| |
Cd | Teeth | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.07 - 0.14 | 0.09 - 0.12 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.08 - 0.15 | 0.12 - 0.13 | 0.006a
|
Bone | 0.68 ± 0.36 | 0.05 - 1.38 | 0.55 - 0.81 | 0.97 ± 0.42 | 0.10 - 1.84 | 0.82 - 1.11 | 0.004a
| |
Fe | Teeth | 10.31 ± 1.99 | 7.14 - 14.87 | 9.60 - 11.01 | 10.48 ± 1.85 | 7.80 - 14.24 | 9.83 - 11.12 | 0.677 |
Bone | 19.08 ± 12.69 | 4.24 - 48.16 | 14.58 - 23. 58 | 17.61 ± 9.23 | 3.74 - 45.57 | 14.39 - 20.83 | 0.588 | |
Mn | Teeth | 3.58 ± 0.45 | 2.99 - 4.52 | 3.42 - 3.74 | 3.76 ± 0.45 | 2.94 - 4.69 | 3.60 - 3.92 | 0.960 |
Bone | 1.64 ± 1.10 | 0.12 - 4.03 | 1.25 - 2.03 | 4.05 ± 2.36 | 0.29 - 7.17 | 3.23 - 4.87 | <0.001a
| |
Cr | Teeth | 5.73 ± 1.65 | 3.06 - 8.36 | 5.14 - 6.32 | 5.54 ± 1.57 | 3.63 - 8.67 | 4.99 - 6.09 | 0.767 |
Bone | 1.76 ± 1.70 | 0.19 - 13.74 | 0.96 - 2.56 | 3.79 ± 4.20 | 0.15 - 14.72 | 2.33- 5.26 | 0.016a
| |
Cu | Teeth | 8.83 ± 1.30 | 6.02 - 11.58 | 8.37 - 9.29 | 9.13 ± 1.11 | 6.02 -11.30 | 8.75 - 9.52 | 0.359 |
Bone | 6.86 ± 3.87 | 1.49 - 15.60 | 5.49 - 8.23 | 13.77 ± 7.73 | 4.39 - 27.74 | 11.07 - 16.47 | <0.001a
| |
Zn | Teeth | 297.31 ± 44.73 | 201.36 - 382.02 | 281.44 - 313.17 | 314.87 ± 59.37 | 208.54 - 439.30 | 294.16 - 335.59 | 0.113 |
Bone | 155.76 ± 38.38 | 72.99 - 237.02 | 142.15 - 169.36 | 229.10 ± 107.96 | 85.78 - 443.74 | 191.43 - 266.77 | <0.001a
|
Impacted teeth (n = 34) | Bone surrounding the impacted teeth (n = 34) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Element | Women (n = 23) Median | Men (n = 11) Median | U-value |
p - level*
| Women (n = 23) Median | Men (n = 11) Median | U-value |
p - level*
|
Pb | 9.30 | 8.83 | 118 | 0.768 | 8.05 | 6.63 | 91 | 0.197 |
Cd | 0.12 | 0.13 | 99 | 0.320 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 111 | 0.580 |
Fe | 9.99 | 9.99 | 120 | 0.839 | 15.32 | 20.84 | 92 | 0.210 |
Mn | 3.85 | 3.84 | 125 | 0.970 | 5.29 | 1.70 | 66 | 0.027a
|
Cr | 4.72 | 5.79 | 83 | 0.113 | 4.47 | 1.31 | 51 | 0.006a
|
Cu | 9.02 | 9.10 | 114 | 0.658 | 15.30 | 8.08 | 68 | 0.052 |
Zn | 318.15 | 284.26 | 107 | 0.484 | 221.19 | 160.61 | 67 | 0.059 |
Impacted teeth (n = 33) | Bone surrounding the impacted teeth (n = 33) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Element | Women (n = 23) Median | Men (n = 10) Median | U-value |
p - level*
| Women (n = 23) Median | Men (n = 10) Median | U-value |
p - level*
|
Pb | 10.03 | 11.54 | 95.50 | 0.456 | 4.04 | 1.78 | 95.00 | 0.444 |
Cd | 0.11 | 0.12 | 87.50 | 0.290 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 85.00 | 0.247 |
Fe | 10.52 | 8.87 | 67.50 | 0.065 | 14.18 | 18.92 | 102.00 | 0.624 |
Mn | 3.65 | 3.26 | 96.50 | 0.480 | 1.57 | 0.99 | 92.00 | 0.378 |
Cr | 4.72 | 6.84 | 59.50 | 0.061 | 1.45 | 0.99 | 86.00 | 0.264 |
Cu | 8.86 | 8.72 | 106.50 | 0.753 | 7.36 | 3.98 | 88.00 | 0.299 |
Zn | 282.67 | 306.77 | 86.50 | 0.272 | 162.60 | 160.36 | 104.00 | 0.680 |
Impacted teeth (n = 33) | Bone surrounding the impacted teeth (n = 33) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Element | 6-10 km (n = 21) Median | 10-14 km (n = 12) Median | U-value |
p - level*
| 6-10 km (n = 21) Median | 10-14 km (n = 12) Median | U-value |
p - level*
|
Pb | 10.79 | 10.03 | 125.50 | 0.125 | 3.74 | 4.36 | 88 | 0.160 |
Cd | 0.10 | 0.11 | 87.00 | 0.149 | 0.62 | 0.77 | 85 | 0.129 |
Fe | 11.32 | 8.98 | 81.50 | 0.099 | 14.52 | 13.53 | 101 | 0.359 |
Mn | 3.45 | 3.42 | 104.00 | 0.421 | 1.14 | 1.69 | 98 | 0.312 |
Cr | 4.68 | 5.39 | 100.50 | 0.349 | 1.29 | 1.49 | 104 | 0.421 |
Cu | 8.79 | 8.86 | 113.50 | 0.653 | 7.09 | 5.91 | 125 | 0.985 |
Zn | 293.94 | 294.23 | 98.50 | 0.312 | 170.71 | 156.67 | 125 | 0.985 |
Impacted teeth (n = 34) | Bone surrounding the impacted teeth (n = 34) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Educational level | Educational level | |||||||||||
Element | Primary (n = 6) Median | Vocational (n = 8) Median | Secondary (n = 11) Median | Higher (n = 9) Median | H-value |
p - level*
| Primary (n = 6) Median | Vocational (n = 8) Median | Secondary (n = 11) Median | Higher (n = 9) Median | H-value |
p - level*
|
Pb | 14.63 | 12.41 | 11.89 | 11.83 | 9.88 | 0.196 | 7.69 | 7.22 | 7.80 | 8.04 | 1.171 | 0.982 |
Cd | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 7.90 | 0.481 | 0.64 | 0.86 | 1.20 | 0.91 | 4.112 | 0.249 |
Fe | 9.14 | 9.74 | 9.94 | 11.92 | 7.47 | 0.098 | 25.45 | 18.69 | 15.32 | 13.37 | 7.772 | 0.873 |
Mn | 3.84 | 3.84 | 3.85 | 3.94 | 1.58 | 0.901 | 3.82 | 3.42 | 4.23 | 3.91 | 1.653 | 0.884 |
Cr | 5.09 | 5.79 | 4.66 | 5.79 | 4.32 | 0.229 | 1.34 | 1.99 | 4.47 | 1.45 | 4.121 | 0.249 |
Cu | 8.60 | 9.05 | 9.84 | 8.77 | 1.58 | 0.664 | 10.40 | 10.56 | 15.08 | 8.45 | 1.980 | 0.577 |
Zn | 356.55 | 274.80 | 288.92 | 321.86 | 4.65 | 0.207 | 136.11 | 187.74 | 212.39 | 210.62 | 2.691 | 0.442 |
Impacted teeth (n = 33) | Bone surrounding the impacted teeth (n = 33) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Educational level | Educational level | |||||||||||
Element | Primary (n = 7) Median | Vocational (n = 11) Median | Secondary (n = 9) Median | Higher (n = 6) Median | H-value |
p - level*
| Primary (n = 7) Median | Vocational (n = 11) Median | Secondary (n = 9) Median | Higher (n = 6) Median | H-value |
p - level*
|
Pb | 14.08 | 13.20 | 12.02 | 11.70 | 5.126 | 0.162 | 3.44 | 3.81 | 4.54 | 4.11 | 3.460 | 0.326 |
Cd | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 2.109 | 0.549 | 0.34 | 0.65 | 0.84 | 0.67 | 13.959 | 0.096 |
Fe | 8.72 | 9.92 | 8.79 | 11.94 | 7.660 | 0.536 | 13.44 | 13.16 | 12.05 | 16.70 | 8.352 | 0.046 |
Mn | 3.26 | 3.89 | 3.19 | 3.73 | 6.063 | 0.109 | 0.86 | 1.22 | 1.59 | 1.52 | 2.054 | 0.561 |
Cr | 5.95 | 5.39 | 4.72 | 4.54 | 2.956 | 0.398 | 0.86 | 1.45 | 1.96 | 1.12 | 4.016 | 0.259 |
Cu | 8.25 | 8.86 | 8.86 | 9.16 | 2.208 | 0.530 | 6.93 | 7.09 | 8.52 | 4.76 | 2.025 | 0.567 |
Zn | 328.10 | 263.94 | 282.67 | 293.94 | 6.303 | 0.097 | 101.80 | 172.83 | 162.60 | 165.19 | 11.124 | 0.091 |
Coefficients Me(tooth)/Me(bone) for the biological material from people living in Bielsko-Biala (n = 33) | Coefficients Me(tooth)/Me(bone) for the biological material from people living in Ruda Slaska (n = 34) |
p - level*
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± standard deviation | Min - Max | 95% conf. limits of mean | Mean ± standard deviation | Min - Max | 95% conf. limits of mean | ||
Pb | 4.89 ± 4.14 | 0.97 - 17.49 | 3.42 - 6.35 | 1.47 ± 0.78 | 0.65 - 4.29 | 1.19 - 1.74 | 0.254 |
Cd | 0.32 ± 0.22 | 0.08 - 2.43 | 0.15 - 0.48 | 0.19 ± 0.11 | 0.07 - 1.43 | 0.10 - 0.27 | 0.081 |
Fe | 0.82 ± 0.59 | 0.18 - 2.80 | 0.61 - 1.02 | 0.78 ± 0.52 | 0.20 - 2.95 | 0.60 - 0.97 | 0.438 |
Mn | 3.93 ± 2.53 | 0.88 - 26.36 | 2.32 - 5.55 | 1.91 ± 1.40 | 0.44 - 11.80 | 1.07 - 2.75 | 0.078 |
Cr | 6.04 ± 3.61 | 0.59 - 31.28 | 3.69 - 8.38 | 4.47 ± 3.14 | 0.31 - 33.52 | 2.32 - 6.62 | 0.295 |
Cu | 1.98 ± 1.59 | 0.50 -7.01 | 1.41 - 2.54 | 0.92 ± 0.56 | 0.30 - 2.57 | 0.73 - 1.12 | 0.059 |
Zn | 2.08 ± 0.81 | 1.12 - 4.50 | 1.80 - 2.37 | 1.68 ± 0.89 | 0.67 - 4.47 | 1.37 - 1.99 | 0.086 |
Pb | Cd | Fe | Mn | Cr | Cu | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ruda Slaska | 0.02 | 0.36*
| -0.22 | 0.03 | -0.04 | -0.10 | 0.17 |
Bielsko-Biala | -0.14 | -0.23 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.23 | -0.05 | -0.31 |