Background
Methods
Design, setting and sample
Variables and measurements
Survey of sleep (SOS)
Sleep assessment interview
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
All (N = 249) |
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
---|---|---|
Male | 151 | 60.2 |
Mean
|
Std
| |
Age in years | 59.6 | 12.1 |
Years since RTx | 11.1 | 7.0 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 25.9 | 5.2 |
Creatinine (μmol/l) | 125.0 | 81.6 |
Haemoglobin (g/l) | 127.6 | 16.5 |
Median
|
(25Q-75Q)
| |
Charlson Comorbidities Index | 1 | 0-2 |
Immunosuppressive drugs
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Cyclosporin | 103 | 41.4 |
Tacrolimus | 93 | 37.3 |
Sirolimus, Everolimus | 23 | 9.2 |
Mycophenolat | 152 | 61.0 |
Azathioprine | 38 | 15.3 |
Corticosteroids | 78 | 31.3 |
Co-medication chart review
| ||
Statin | 97 | 39.0 |
ACE inhibitor | 61 | 24.5 |
Angiotensin receptor blocker | 68 | 27.3 |
Calcium channel blocker | 43 | 17.3 |
Beta blocker | 92 | 36.9 |
Anticoagulants | 58 | 23.3 |
Antidepressants | 14 | 5.6 |
Diuretics | 42 | 16.9 |
Sleep drugs | 9 | 3.6 |
Self-reported sleep drug use
| 82 | 32.9 |
Caffeine use (>2 cups/d) | 132 | 62.3 |
Nicotine use
| 31 | 12.4 |
Alcohol use (>1 glass/day) | 64 | 25.8 |
Sleep history in childhood
| ||
Insomnia | 24 | 9.6 |
Sleepwalking | 16 | 6.4 |
Bed-wetting | 24 | 9.6 |
Talking in your sleep | 29 | 11.6 |
Nightmares | 21 | 8.4 |
Night terrors (screaming in the middle of the night and being difficult to awaken) | 6 | 2.4 |
Head-banging or body rocking | 8 | 3.2 |
Seizures during sleep, while falling asleep, or while waking up | 5 | 2.0 |
Daytime sleepiness | 12 | 4.8 |
Snoring | 12 | 4.8 |
Breathing difficulties | 5 | 2.0 |
Prevalence and percentage of sleep problems and sleep habits [SOS part 1 & 2]
General sleep problem |
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
---|---|---|
Having an actual problem with sleep or wakefulness | 179 | 69.1 |
Main sleep problem
| ||
Difficulty falling asleep | 83 | 32.1 |
Difficulty staying asleep | 128 | 49.4 |
Awakening early and being unable to fall back asleep | 76 | 29.3 |
Excessive long sleep at night | 21 | 8.1 |
Unusual behavior or experiences during sleep (e.g., nightmares, sleepwalking) | 30 | 11.6 |
Excessive sleepiness during waking hours | 66 | 25.5 |
Other problems | 34 | 13.1 |
Judgment of the sleep problem
| ||
Intense severity of the sleep problem (or problems) | 67 | 26.9 |
Intense amount of interference with ability to function at home, at work, and with other people | 48 | 19.3 |
Fairly intense sleepiness before bedtime | 127 | 51.0 |
Better sleep outside compared to the sleep at home | 11 | 4.4 |
Having regular sleep times | 192 | 74.1 |
Times related to sleep
|
Mean
|
Std
|
Bedtime during the week | 22.6 | 0.9 |
Bedtime at weekends | 23.2 | 1.3 |
Time of lights off during the week | 22.9 | 1.1 |
Sleep latency | 28.1 | 19.3 |
Frequencies of sleep interruptions | 2.8 | 1.8 |
Sleep latency after interruptions | 21.9 | 16.4 |
Wakeup time during the week | 6.5 | 1.2 |
Sleep duration | 6.4 | 1.5 |
Get up time during the week | 6.9 | 1.1 |
Get up time at weekends | 8.0 | 1.1 |
Frequency
|
Percentage
| |
How long having sleep problem
| ||
Between 6 months and 2 years | 74 | 29.7 |
Between 2 and 5 years | 60 | 24.1 |
>5 years | 93 | 37.3 |
Course of the problem
| ||
Becoming worse | 15 | 6.0 |
Same | 112 | 45.0 |
Improving | 17 | 6.8 |
Irregular | 79 | 31.7 |
Recurring regularly | 8 | 3.2 |
Frequency
| ||
Every day/night | 109 | 43.8 |
Sometimes in a week | 24 | 9.6 |
Sometimes in a month | 31 | 12.4 |
Prevalence and percentage of sleep symptoms [SOS part 3]
Sleep Disturbance of N = 249 |
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
---|---|---|
Need to urinate | 163 | 62.9 |
Leg cramps during sleep | 98 | 37.8 |
Frequent tossing and turning | 96 | 37.1 |
Feeling too hot or too cold | 86 | 33.2 |
Awaken for no particular reason (spontaneous awakenings) | 77 | 29.7 |
Feeling anxious or emotionally tense, or worrying about things at bedtime | 72 | 27.8 |
Physical nervousness and agitation in the evening or at night | 68 | 26.2 |
Restless, uncomfortable, or “crawling” sensation in your legs during the evening or at night | 62 | 23.9 |
Awakened by dreams (not nightmares) | 56 | 21.6 |
Snoring | 54 | 20.8 |
Feeling physically tense at bedtime | 42 | 16.2 |
Awakening because of noise or light | 38 | 14.7 |
Jerking or twitching in feet, legs, or arms during sleep | 34 | 13.1 |
Large body jerks as you are falling asleep | 33 | 12.7 |
Awakened by noises | 32 | 12.4 |
Awakened by recurring dreams | 31 | 12.0 |
Other pain during sleep | 31 | 12.0 |
Muscle aches during or after sleep | 30 | 11.6 |
Grinding teeth | 26 | 10.0 |
Nightmares | 26 | 10.0 |
Heartburns or other burning in chest, stomach | 24 | 9.3 |
Headaches beginning during sleep | 24 | 9.3 |
Palpitations, heart racing, or irregular heart beat | 23 | 8.9 |
Other sleep disturbances | 22 | 8.5 |
Talking in your sleep | 19 | 7.3 |
Hallucinations as you are falling asleep or waking up, i.e., seeing or hearing things which turn out not to actually be real | 15 | 5.8 |
Frequent cough | 15 | 5.8 |
Episodes of confusion during sleep or upon awakening | 14 | 5.4 |
Awakening choking, smothering, or gasping for air | 13 | 5.0 |
Periods of not breathing during sleep | 13 | 5.0 |
Difficulty breathing (including wheezing) | 11 | 4.3 |
Difficulty swallowing | 11 | 4.2 |
Prevalence and percentage of daytime function [SOS part 4]
Frequency
|
Percentage
| |
---|---|---|
Typical feelings at awakening in the morning
| ||
Optimistic | 68 | 26.2 |
Low energy | 68 | 26.2 |
Energetic | 44 | 17.0 |
Refreshed | 28 | 10.8 |
Irritable | 18 | 6.9 |
Other | 17 | 6.6 |
Depressed | 16 | 6.2 |
Anxious | 14 | 5.4 |
Confused | 4 | 1.5 |
Nap behavior
| ||
Intentional napping | 118 | 47.4 |
Unintentional napping | 42 | 16.9 |
Falling 1–2 times a day asleep or nap during the day | 62 | 24.9 |
Often dreaming when falling asleep or nap during the day | 10 | 3.9 |
Feeling more alert and awake after falling asleep or nap | 124 | 49.8 |
Daytime function
| ||
Extreme amount of sleepiness during daytime | 40 | 16.1 |
Had an accident because of sleepiness or falling asleep | 11 | 4.4 |
Intense amount of fatigue during the day | 42 | 16.9 |
Have to close eyes during the day to relax | 78 | 31.3 |
Impaired daytime functioning because of nighttime sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness or fatigue | 72 | 27.8 |
Best function during the day
| ||
Early morning | 102 | 39.4 |
Late morning | 83 | 32.0 |
Early afternoon | 38 | 14.7 |
Late afternoon | 41 | 15.8 |
Early evening | 34 | 13.1 |
Late evening | 18 | 6.9 |
During the night | 4 | 1.5 |
No specific time | 35 | 13.5 |
Prevalence and percentage of preliminary sleep diagnoses according to the ICSD
N = 164 |
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
---|---|---|
Insomnias
| ||
Psychophysiological insomnia or paradoxical insomnia | 53 | 32.3 |
Adjustment insomnia | 3 | 1.8 |
Inadequate sleep hygiene | 5 | 3.0 |
Insomnia due to medical condition | 9 | 5.5 |
Sleep Related Breathing Disorders
| ||
Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Adult | 8 | 4.9 |
Other Sleep Related Breathing Disorders | 5 | 3.0 |
Hypersomnias of Central Origin Not Due to a Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Sleep Related Breathing Disorder or Other Cause of Disturbed Nocturnal Sleep
| ||
Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome | 11 | 6.7 |
Idiopathic hypersomnia with long sleep time | 7 | 4.3 |
Hypersomnia due to drug or substance use | 1 | 0.6 |
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (CRSD)
| ||
CRSD delayed sleep phase type | 22 | 13.4 |
CRSD advanced sleep phase type | 3 | 1.8 |
CRSD irregular Sleep-Wake Type | 8 | 4.9 |
Parasomnias
| ||
Nightmare Disorder | 4 | 2.4 |
Parasomnia due to drug or substances | 4 | 2.4 |
Confusional Arousals | 4 | 2.4 |
Parasomnia due to med conditions | 2 | 1.2 |
Sleep Related Movement Disorders
| 1 | 0.6 |
Isolated Symptoms, Apparent Normal Variants, and Unresolved Issues
| 0 | 0.0 |
Other Sleep Disorders
| 0 | 0.0 |
No presumed diagnosis
| 14 | 8.5 |