Introduction
Case report of an illustrative patient
Review of the literature
Author | Age of the patient(s) and sex (M/F) | Brief summary | Microbial pathogen(s) | Information on surgical approach/strategy and timing of surgery |
---|---|---|---|---|
Braczynski et al. 2017 [7] | 71 years (F) | Meningitis because of an infected anterior meningocele in a patient suffering from colorectal carcinoma. |
Fusobacterium nucleatum
| Posterior approach. Laminectomy S1–3 with closure of the thecal sac and amputation of the meningocele. Surgery approximately 2 weeks after the presentation with meningitis. |
Al Qahtani et al. 2016 [1] | 14 months (F) | Passing away of an infant with Currarino syndrome because of a sacral fistula causing meningitis. | Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium | No surgery performed. |
Paul et al. 2015 [32] | 30 years (F) | Pyogenic meningitis in a patient with an anterior meningocele |
Enterococci
| N/A |
Morgenstern et al. 2015 [28] | 9 days (1st episode of meningitis) and 7 months (2nd episode of meningitis) (M) | The article describes 4 patients with recurrent meningitis. One of these patients had a fistula and Currarino syndrome. |
1st episode of meningitis Streptococcus bovis
2nd episode of meningitis Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, E. faecium
| The CSF fistula was surgically repaired NOS. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Ganeshalingham et al. 2014 [17] | 8 weeks (M) | Passing away of an infant due to polymicrobial (enteral) meningitis. Strong suspicion of Currarino syndrome, but no post-mortem investigation performed. |
Escherichia coli, B. fragilis
| No surgery performed. |
Patnaik et al. 2013 [31] | 8 months (M) | Meningitis in a patient with an anterior sacral meningocele and epidural abscess |
Staphylococcus aureus
| Posterior approach. Laminectomy L5–S3. Drainage of the epidural abscess and intradural closure of the meningocele with a fascial patch. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Monseaux et al. 2013 [27] | 29 years (F) | Presentation with paraplegia in the context of a meningeal infection in a patient with an anterior meningocele |
N/A
| N/A |
Kansal et al. 2012 [21] | 45 years (F) | Recurrent aseptic meningitis in a patient with an epidermoid tumor in her anterior meningocele. |
Aseptic meningitis
| Posterior approach. Sacral laminectomy. The dura was opened in the midline. An anterolateral dura defect was closed by direct suturing. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Calleja Aguayo et al. 2012 [8] | 8 months (M) | Recurrent meningitis in a patient with Currarino syndrome and an anterior sacral meningocele and a rectal fistula. |
Streptococcus bovis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
| Mass excision, complicated by a recto-cutaneous fistula NOS. A colostoma and VP shunt insertion was necessary. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Antuna-Ramos et al. 2011 [2] | 10 years (M) | Meningitis due to a pararectal abscess with connection to the anterior sacral meningocele |
Bacterial meningitis NOS
| Posterior approach. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Koksal et al. 2011 [23] | 44 years (F) | Meningitis in a previously healthy woman with an anterior sacral meningocele |
Escherichia coli
| Posterior approach. Sacral route. Excision of the fistula tract. Repair of the sac orifice with sutures and fibrin glue. Surgery performed on the 4th day of hospital admission. |
Raczynski et al. 2010 [35] | 5 months (F) 2 months (F) | Meningitis caused by a fistula in two young patients with Currarino syndrome. | Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis (5-month-old patient) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2-month-old patient) | Surgical repair NOS. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Bahtia et al. 2010 [5] | 9 years (F) | Meningitis in a child with multiple occult spinal dysraphism stigmata, among which an anterior meningocele, a dermal sinus tract, caudal regression syndrome, and tethered spinal cord. After surgery, a second episode of meningitis occurred. |
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus species
| Posterior approach. Laminotomy L5 and intradural exploration. Disconnection of the pyogenic sac and the thecal sac and sectioning of the fatty filum terminale. Surgery performed after 3 weeks of intravenous antibiotic treatment. |
Simon et al. 2010 [38] | 30 years (F) | Meningo-encephalitis and meningo-myelitis in a patient with Currarino syndrome and an anterior sacral meningocele, a dermoid cyst, and tethered spinal cord. |
N/A
| A surgical intervention with aspiration and ligation of the anterior meningocele and tethered spinal cord release NOS. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Bergeron et al. 2010 [4] | 40 years (F) | Ascending meningitis and cauda equina syndrome caused by a rectal-thecal fistula in a patient with Currarino syndrome. |
Escherichia coli, group F streptococci, Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Candida glabrata
| Anterior approach. Removal of the meningocele with a trans-abdominal approach. Closure of the sacral deficit by suturing a strip of well-vascularized omentum and fibrin glue. Surgery on the day of hospital admission. |
Kiefer et al. 2009 [22] | 20 days (F) | Treatment-resistant meningitis (CSF pleocytosis) in a patient with Currarino syndrome and a rectal-thecal fistula proven by myelography. |
No pathogen isolated from CSF and blood cultures
| Posterior approach. Sacral laminectomy and repair of the anterior dural defect with fibrin glue and muscle graft. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Sanchez et al. 2008 [36] | 64 years (M) | Bacterial meningitis in a patient with an anterior sacral meningocele. |
Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli
| Anterior approach. Laparotomy. Resection of a portion of the rectum and the meningocele. A terminal colostomy was performed. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Miletic et al. 2008 [26] | 39 years (M) | Meningitis and a large anterior sacral meningocele. |
Escherichia coli
| Posterior approach. Laminectomy with dural opening. Obliteration of the communication of the intrathecal compartment and the meningocele. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Fitouri et al. 2007 [12] | 3.5 years (F) | Repetitive meningitis in a patient with Currarino syndrome including a mature teratoma |
Escherichia coli, Streptococcus B, Haemophilus influenzae
| Surgical curation of the presacral cystic mass NOS. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Fleury et al. 2007 [15] | 29 days (F) | Multiple family members with Currarino syndrome. A patient with meningitis and Currarino syndrome with a mature teratoma is described. |
Escherichia coli, Bacteroides
| Posterior approach. Repair by way of a sagittal approach. Surgical treatment 21 days after antibiotic treatment/meningitis. |
Hatano et al. 2006 [20] | 46 years (F) | Marfan syndrome and incomplete Currarino triad, presenting with recurrent meningitis and an anterior sacral meningocele. |
N/A
| Surgical approach was limited to plasty of the meningocele NOS. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Phillips et al. 2006 [33] | 48 years (M) | Meningitis due to a rectal-thecal fistula in a patient with an anterior sacral meningocele |
Anaerobic gram-negative bacillus
| Anterior approach. Laparotomy was performed. The neck of the meningocele was oversewn. Coverage of the defect with omentum. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Schijman et al. 2005 [37] | 1 month (F) | The patient developed multibacterial meningitis at the age of 1 month. At the age of 3 months, she developed paraplegia due to an intramedullary abscess. |
Pseudomona, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter
| Posterior approach. Sacral laminotomy. A cystic teratoma was removed. Watertight closure of the spinal canal with an aponeurosis patch graft. Surgical treatment of the anterior meningocele was performed 3 weeks after the presentation with paraplegia. |
Emans et al. 2005 [11] | N/A | Expression patterns of Currarino syndrome are described. In this article, one patient with meningitis is mentioned. |
N/A
| Operative treatment NOS. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Bal et al. 2004 [3] | 35 years (F) | (Possibly iatrogenic) infected anterior meningocele after transrectal puncture. |
N/A
| Posterior approach. Sacral laminectomy. The neck of the anterior sacral meningocele was tied off. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Haga et al. 2003 [19] | 58 years (F) | Patient with recurrent meningitis and Currarino triad (with intradural epidermoid cyst). |
Coryneform bacteria
| Posterior approach. Sacral laminectomy. Opening of the dura. Neck ligation was performed. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Chou et al. 2002 [9] | 3 months (M) | Infant with meningitis and Currarino syndrome. |
Bacterial meningitis NOS
| N/A |
Guerin et al. 2000 [18] | 23 years (F) | Polymicrobial meningitis (meningitis after a gynecologic puncture) leads to discovery of an anterior sacral meningocele. |
Enterococcus faecalis, Prevotella bivia, Streptococcus constellatus
| Communication between the endodural lumen and the meningocele on the S2 level was closed with adipose tissue and biological glue NOS. Surgery on the 22nd day of hospital admission. |
Fitzpatrick et al. 1999 [13] | 31 years (F) | The patient developed meningitis after a diagnostic laparotomy as part of the investigation of her infertility. A presacral mass was found, but not further explored at that time. Surgery was performed 18 years later because of mucopurulent rectal discharge. |
Escherichia coli, Bacteroides
| Posterior approach. A sacral approach from the midsacrum to the anal margin was used. The neck of the meningocele was ligated. The sacral defect was repaired using adjacent fascia. The surgery was planned in elective setting. |
Tamayo et al. 1999 [40] | 24 years (M) | Patient with multibacterial (enteral) meningitis and Currarino syndrome. |
anaerobic Enterococci, Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli
| N/A |
Funayama et al. 1995 [16] | 4 months (1st episode of meningitis) and 1 year (2nd episode of meningitis) (M) | The patient died 1 month after his last hospital admission, due to severe meningeal infection and sepsis. Autopsy confirmed an anterior sacral meningocele and intraspinal abscess formation. |
Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae
| No surgery performed. |
O’Riordain et al. 1991 [29] | 15 years (F) | Ten family members with Currarino syndrome. Meningitis described. |
Bacterial meningitis NOS
| N/A |
Blond et al. 1991 [6] | 7 years (F) | The patient developed polymicrobial meningitis after falling on her os coccygis. A small anterior sacral meningocele was discovered together with spina bifida occulta at L5 level and a scimitar sacrum. |
Streptococcus species, Bacteroides species
| Posterior approach. The fistula was ligated. Surgery performed during the third week of antibiotic therapy. |
Page et al. 1990 [30] | 27 years (M) | Meningitis due to rectal fistulation of the meningocele |
Stercoral flora NOS
| Curation after seven surgical procedures NOS. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Fiumara et al. 1989 [14] | 36 years (F) | Purulent meningitis in a patient with an anterior sacral meningocele |
Bacterium coli
| N/A |
Synowitz et al. 1988 [39] | 19 years (M) | The patient presented with an infected anterior meningocele |
Escherichia coli
| Posterior approach. Surgical closure of the meningocele was obtained using a dorsal transdural approach with sutures and fibrinous adhesive. Timing of surgery not specified. |
Quigley et al. 1984 [34] | 21 years (F) | Recurrent aseptic meningitis in a patient with an anterior sacral meningocele and a dermoid tumor |
Aseptic meningitis
| Posterior approach. Transsacral approach with a laminectomy L4 to S1. Extirpation of the dermoid tumor, detethering and obliteration of communication between the thecal sac and the anterior sacral meningocele. Surgery was planned in elective setting after recovery from the last episode of aseptic meningitis. |