Background
Methods
Study design and subjects
Echocardiography
Skin AF as an estimation for tissue AGEs accumulation
Statistical methods
Results
Participant characteristics
Skin AF ≤2.2 (n = 71) | Skin AF >2.2 (n = 68) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 61.34 ± 11.34 | 66.57 ± 8.38 | 0.01 |
Gender (M/F) | 41/30 | 43/25 | 0.51 |
Skin AF (A.U.) | 1.90 ± 0.27 | 2.71 ± 0.31 | 0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.50 ± 3.86 | 26.05 ± 3.25 | 0.74 |
SBP (mmHg) | 142.36 ± 14.83 | 139.06 ± 16.81 | 0.22 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80.80 ± 13.57 | 75.41 ± 9.46 | 0.01 |
PP (mmHg) | 61.92 ± 12.70 | 63.94 ± 14.64 | 0.39 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 59 (83.10) | 57 (83.82) | 0.91 |
DM, n (%) | 0.06 | ||
None, n (%) | 50 (70.42) | 40 (58.82) | |
OHA, n (%) | 20 (28.17) | 21 (30.88) | |
RI, n (%) | 1 (1.41) | 7 (10.29) | |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 57 (80.28) | 52 (76.47) | 0.59 |
Stroke, n (%) | 3 (4.23) | 7 (10.29) | 0.17 |
IHD, n (%) | 9 (12.68) | 21 (30.88) | 0.01 |
PAOD, n (%) | 1 (1.41) | 1 (1.47) | 0.98 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 66.64 ± 17.77 | 62.06 ± 22.73 | 0.19 |
Antiplatelets, n (%) | 48 (67.61) | 43 (63.24) | 0.59 |
β-Blockers, n (%) | 25 (35.21) | 34 (50.00) | 0.08 |
CCBs, n (%) | 29 (40.85) | 33 (48.53) | 0.36 |
ACEIs/ARBs, n (%) | 49 (69.01) | 43 (63.24) | 0.47 |
Statins, n (%) | 40 (56.34) | 41 (60.29) | 0.64 |
Smoking | 0.06 | ||
Never, n (%) | 55 (77.46) | 40 (58.82) | |
Ever, n (%) | 10 (14.08) | 19 (27.94) | |
Active, n (%) | 6 (8.45) | 9 (13.24) |
Echocardiographic parameters
Skin AF ≤2.2 | Skin AF >2.2 | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
LVEF (%) | 68.80 ± 7.20 | 65.82 ± 8.11 | 0.02 |
LA diameter (mm) | 35.34 ± 4.01 | 38.91 ± 4.72 | 0.01 |
E (cm/s) | 74.88 ± 15.62 | 74.37 ± 19.16 | 0.86 |
A (cm/s) | 87.94 ± 22.28 | 93.80 ± 20.60 | 0.11 |
E/A ratio | 0.89 ± 0.26 | 0.82 ± 0.24 | 0.11 |
E’(SW) (cm/s) | 7.54 ± 2.13 | 6.17 ± 1.84 | 0.01 |
A’(SW) (cm/s) | 10.11 ± 2.08 | 9.44 ± 2.10 | 0.06 |
E/E’ ratio | 10.73 ± 3.81 | 12.90 ± 4.50 | 0.01 |
DT (ms) | 212.44 ± 42.20 | 227.85 ± 51.90 | 0.06 |
LVMI (g/m2.7) | 47.72 ± 11.62 | 61.22 ± 17.76 | 0.01 |
oLVM/pLVM | 1.21 ± 0.21 | 1.62 ± 0.38 | 0.01 |
Skin autofluorescence as an independent factor for appropriateness of left ventricular mass
Unstandardized coefficient B | SE | Standardized coefficient β | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | ||||
Skin AF (A.U.) | 10.67 | 2.32 | 0.32 | <0.01 |
PAOD | 31.35 | 9.54 | 0.23 | <0.01 |
BMI | 1.16 | 0.32 | 0.25 | <0.01 |
PP | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.19 | <0.01 |
A′ | −1.61 | 0.55 | −0.21 | <0.01 |
eGFR | −0.14 | 0.06 | −0.17 | 0.02 |
(b) | ||||
Skin AF (A.U.) | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.41 | <0.01 |
A′ | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.24 | <0.01 |
LVEF | −0.01 | 0.003 | −0.20 | <0.01 |
PAOD | 0.53 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.01 |
E/A | −0.23 | 0.10 | −0.16 | 0.03 |
Skin AF as a useful tool for predicting LVH and inappropriate LVM
Association between skin AF and myocardial performance
Relation between LVM and myocardial performance
oLVM/pLVM | LVMI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | P value | r | P value | |
LVEF | −0.28 | <0.01 | −0.13 | 0.12 |
LA diameter | 0.31 | <0.01 | 0.33 | <0.01 |
E | −0.03 | 0.72 | −0.03 | 0.74 |
A | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.03 |
E/A | −0.20 | 0.02 | −0.20 | 0.02 |
E′ | −0.32 | <0.01 | −0.33 | <0.01 |
A′ | −0.31 | <0.01 | −0.24 | <0.01 |
E/E′ | 0.29 | <0.01 | 0.29 | <0.01 |
DT | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.17 |
Comparisons between appropriate LVM group and inappropriate LVM group
Appropriate LVM (n = 56) | Inappropriate LVM (n = 83) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 61.73 ± 11.55 | 65.36 ± 9.16 | 0.052 |
Gender (M/F) | 40/16 | 44/39 | 0.03 |
Skin AF (A.U.) | 2.03 ± 0.42 | 2.47 ± 0.46 | <0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.57 ± 3.61 | 26.09 ± 3.55 | 0.44 |
SBP (mmHg) | 143.59 ± 13.66 | 138.82 ± 17.00 | 0.08 |
DBP (mmHg) | 81.60 ± 12.72 | 75.84 ± 10.98 | <0.01 |
PP (mmHg) | 62.62 ± 14.42 | 63.10 ± 13.22 | 0.84 |
Hypertension n (%) | 49 (87.50) | 67 (80.72) | 0.29 |
DM, n (%) | 0.20 | ||
None, n (%) | 36 (64.29) | 54 (65.06) | |
OHA, n (%) | 19 (33.93) | 22 (26.51) | |
RI, n (%) | 1 (1.78) | 7 (8.43) | |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 41 (73.21) | 68 (81.92) | 0.22 |
Stroke, n (%) | 2 (3.57) | 8 (9.64) | 0.18 |
IHD, n (%) | 7 (12.50) | 23 (27.71) | 0.03 |
PAOD, n (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.41) | 0.24 |
LVMI (g/m2.7) | 44.56 ± 9.28 | 60.91 ± 16.83 | <0.01 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 67.17 ± 15.76 | 62.53 ± 22.92 | 0.16 |
Antiplatelets, n (%) | 35 (62.50) | 56 (67.47) | 0.55 |
β-Blockers, n (%) | 21 (37.50) | 38 (45.78) | 0.33 |
CCBs, n (%) | 28 (50.00) | 34 (40.96) | 0.29 |
ACEIs/ARBs, n (%) | 42 (75.00) | 50 (60.24) | 0.07 |
Statins, n (%) | 30 (53.57) | 51 (61.45) | 0.36 |
Smoking | 0.21 | ||
Never, n (%) | 43 (76.79) | 52 (62.65) | |
Ever, n (%) | 9 (16.07) | 20 (24.10) | |
Active, n (%) | 4 (7.14) | 11 (13.25) | |
LVEF (%) | 69.27 ± 8.16 | 66.04 ± 7.26 | 0.02 |
LA diameter (mm) | 35.78 ± 4.20 | 37.98 ± 4.85 | <0.01 |
E (cm/s) | 73.31 ± 14.73 | 75.52 ± 18.99 | 0.47 |
A (cm/s) | 88.13 ± 17.26 | 92.61 ± 24.02 | 0.23 |
E/A ratio | 0.86 ± 0.26 | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.80 |
E′ (SW) (cm/s) | 7.44 ± 2.11 | 6.49 ± 2.02 | <0.01 |
A′ (SW) (cm/s) | 10.35 ± 1.93 | 9.40 ± 2.15 | <0.01 |
E/E′ ratio | 10.65 ± 3.76 | 12.56 ± 4.47 | <0.01 |
DT (ms) | 220.09 ± 38.58 | 219.91 ± 53.14 | 0.98 |
Non-LVH (n = 59) | LVH (n = 80) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | P value | r | P value | |
LVEF | −0.24 | 0.06 | −0.34 | <0.01 |
LA diameter | 0.11 | 0.39 | 0.24 | 0.03 |
E | −0.08 | 0.55 | 0.01 | 0.97 |
A | 0.34 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 0.85 |
E/A | −0.23 | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.90 |
E′ | −0.18 | 0.17 | −0.25 | 0.03 |
A′ | −0.15 | 0.27 | −0.32 | <0.01 |
E/E′ | 0.10 | 0.46 | 0.27 | 0.02 |
DT | −0.03 | 0.81 | 0.13 | 0.26 |