Introduction
Methods
Study design and sample
Measures
Gender (% females) | 59.1 |
Age (in years: mean ± sd) | 74.2 ± 5.2 |
Education (%): | |
- inadequately completed general education | 1.3 |
- general elementary education | 13.6 |
- basic vocational qualification or general elementary education and vocational qualification | 46.0 |
- intermediate general qualification | 2.5 |
- intermediate vocational or intermediate general qualification and vocational qualification | 19.9 |
- general maturity certificate | 1.1 |
- vocational maturity certificate/general maturity certificate and vocational qualification | 4.0 |
- lower tertiary education | 4.8 |
- higher tertiary education | 7.0 |
Level of autonomy at former occupation (scaled 1–5: mean ± sd) | 2.9 ± 1.2 (n = 2,713) |
Net household equivalent income (in € per month: mean ± sd) | 1,429 ± 719 (n = 2,424) |
Analyses
Results
At baseline
|
At follow
-
up
(15 months)
| |
---|---|---|
Self-rated health (scaled 0–100: mean ± sd) | 62.9 ± 18.0 | 63.8 ± 18.8 |
(n = 2,721) | (n = 2,721) | |
Functional status (IADL, scaled 0–100: mean ± sd) | 79.2 ± 21.6 | 77.5 ± 22.7 |
(n = 2,722) | (n = 2,719) | |
Health related quality of life (EQ-5D, scaled 0–100: mean ± sd) | 80.4 ± 18.9 | 79.9 ± 19.6 |
(n = 2,723) | (n = 2,723) |
Prevalence
(%)
|
Severity score
(scaled 0
–
4:
mean
±
sd)
| |
---|---|---|
Hypertension | 78.0 | 1.7 ± 0.7 |
Lipid metabolism disorders | 59.2 | 1.3 ± 0.7 |
Chronic low back pain | 49.7 | 2.0 ± 0.8 |
Joint arthrosis | 44.1 | 2.0 ± 0.8 |
Diabetes mellitus | 37.1 | 1.7 ± 0.8 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease | 31.2 | 1.9 ± 0.8 |
Thyroid dysfunction | 34.6 | 1.1 ± 0.7 |
Cardiac arrhythmias | 25.7 | 1.6 ± 0.9 |
Asthma/COPD | 24.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 |
Lower limb varicosis | 23.7 | 1.4 ± 0.8 |
Osteoporosis | 19.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 |
Severe vision reduction | 19.2 | 1.5 ± 0.9 |
Cancers | 18.1 | 1.4 ± 1.2 |
Hyperuricemia/Gout | 17.2 | 1.0 ± 0.7 |
Depression | 16.9 | 1.8 ± 0.7 |
Atherosclerosis/PAOD | 16.4 | 1.7 ± 0.9 |
Intestinal diverticulosis | 15.0 | 1.0 ± 0.8 |
Neuropathies | 14.4 | 1.7 ± 0.8 |
Chronic gastritis/GERD | 12.9 | 1.5 ± 0.7 |
Cardiac insufficiency | 12.3 | 1.7 ± 0.8 |
Cerebral ischemia/Chronic stroke | 11.8 | 1.6 ± 1.0 |
Prostatic hyperplasia | 11.8 | 1.3 ± 0.7 |
Renal insufficiency | 10.0 | 1.4 ± 0.8 |
Cardiac valve disorders | 9.3 | 1.3 ± 0.9 |
Liver diseases | 7.9 | 0.9 ± 0.8 |
Dizziness | 7.8 | 1.6 ± 0.7 |
Hemorrhoids | 7.7 | 1.1 ± 0.8 |
Chronic cholecystitis/Gallstones | 7.7 | 0.7 ± 0.8 |
Urinary incontinence | 7.2 | 1.7 ± 0.8 |
Somatoform disorders | 6.1 | 1.8 ± 0.8 |
Severe hearing loss | 5.4 | 1.9 ± 0.8 |
Insomnia | 5.4 | 2.0 ± 0.8 |
Allergies | 5.0 | 1.4 ± 0.9 |
Obesity | 4.8 | 2.1 ± 0.9 |
Anxiety | 4.1 | 1.8 ± 0.7 |
Rheumatoid arthritis/Chronic polyarthritis | 4.1 | 2.1 ± 0.8 |
Anemias | 4.0 | 1.2 ± 0.7 |
Psoriasis | 3.9 | 1.4 ± 0.8 |
Migraine/chronic headache | 3.6 | 1.4 ± 0.7 |
Parkinson’s disease | 1.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 |
Gynaecological problems | 1.9 | 1.2 ± 0.7 |
Urinary tract calculi | 1.8 | 1.0 ± 0.8 |
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
95%
CI
|
p
|
β
|
95%
CI
|
p
|
Change
1
|
β
|
95%
CI
|
p
|
Change
1
| |
Self-rated health
| |||||||||||
Income2
|
4.34
|
2.73
-
5.95
|
<0.001
|
3.24
|
1.68
-
4.80
|
<0.001
| −25.3%*
|
3.14
|
1.63-4.66
|
<0.001
|
−
27.6%*
|
Education3
|
1.19
|
0.42
-
1.95
|
0.002
|
0.99
|
0.25
-
1.72
|
0.009
| −16.8%*
|
0.75
|
0.03-1.47
|
0.040
|
−
37.0%*
|
Occupation4
|
0.82
|
0.12
-
1.52
|
0.021
| 0.58 | −0.08-1.25 | 0.089 | −29.3%* | 0.49 | −0.16-1.15 | 0.142 | −40.2%* |
Functional status
| |||||||||||
Income2
|
1.86
|
0.76
-
2.95
|
0.001
|
1.41
|
0.34
-
2.48
|
0.010
| −24.2%*
|
1.29
|
0.24-2.33
|
0.016
| −30.6%*
|
Education3
| 0.04 | −0.47-0.56 | 0.863 | −0.07 | −0.58-0.43 | 0.781 | −0.13 | −0.63-0.37 | 0.610 | ||
Occupation4
|
0.83
|
0.35
-
1.30
|
0.001
|
0.67
|
0.21-1.13
|
0.004
| −19.3
%*
|
0.59
|
0.14-1.04
|
0.010
| −28.9%*
|
Health related quality of life
| |||||||||||
Income2
|
3.83
|
2.16
-
5.50
|
<0.001
|
2.62
|
1.02
-
4.22
|
0.001
| −31.6%*
|
2.16
|
0.62-3.69
|
0.006
| −43.6%*
|
Education3
|
0.83
|
0.03
-
1.62
|
0.041
| 0.67 | −0.09-0.72 | 0.084 | −19.3%* | 0.48 | −0.25-1.22 | 0.198 | −42.2%* |
Occupation4
| 0.44 | −0.29-1.16 | 0.237 | 0.20 | −0.48-0.89 | 0.560 | 0.10 | −0.56-0.76 | 0.772 |
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
95%
CI
|
p
|
β
|
95%
CI
|
p
|
Change
1
|
β
|
95%
CI
|
p
|
Change
1
| |
Self-rated health
| |||||||||||
Income2
|
2.81
|
1.37
-
4.24
|
<0.001
|
2.18
|
0.76
-
3.59
|
0.003
|
−
22.4%*
|
2.16
|
0.76-3.56
|
0.003
|
−
23.1%*
|
Education3
| 0.02 | −0.64-0.70 | 0.944 | 0.06 | −0.60-0.73 | 0.846 | −0.08 | −0.74-0.58 | 0.822 | ||
Occupation4
| 0.21 | −0.40-0.83 | 0.504 | 0.03 | −0.57-0.64 | 0.911 | 0.05 | −0.55-0.66 | 0.861 | ||
Functional status
| |||||||||||
Income2
|
1.31
|
0.40
-
2.23
|
0.005
|
0.98
|
0.08
-
1.87
|
0.032
| −25.2%*
|
0.96
|
0.09
-
1.84
|
0.031
|
−
26.7%*
|
Education3
| 0.09 | −0.33-0.52 | 0.671 | 0.13 | −0.28-0.55 | 0.535 | 0.06 | −0.35-0.47 | 0.783 | ||
Occupation4
| 0.11 | −0.58-1.00 | 0.598 | −0.01 | −0.40-0.37 | 0.949 | 0.03 | −0.35-0.41 | 0.884 | ||
Health related quality of life
| |||||||||||
Income2
|
2.67
|
1.24
-
4.10
|
<0.001
|
2.20
|
0.80
-
3.59
|
0.002
|
−
17.
6%*
|
2.09
|
0.72
-
3.46
|
0.003
|
−
21.7%*
|
Education3
| 0.13 | −0.55-0.81 | 0.709 | 0.14 | −0.52-0.80 | 0.681 | 0.04 | −0.61-0.69 | 0.899 | ||
Occupation4
| 0.26 | −0.36-0.88 | 0.408 | 0.05 | −0.55-0.65 | 0.874 | 0.07 | −0.52-0.67 | 0.804 |