Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 4/2017

27.11.2017

Socially Constructed Hierarchies of Impairments: The Case of Australian and Irish Workers’ Access to Compensation for Injuries

verfasst von: Paul Harpur, Ursula Connolly, Peter Blanck

Erschienen in: Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation | Ausgabe 4/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Objectives: Socially constructed hierarchies of impairment complicate the general disadvantage experienced by workers with disabilities. Workers with a range of abilities categorized as a “disability” are likely to experience less favourable treatment at work and have their rights to work discounted by laws and institutions, as compared to workers without disabilities. Value judgments in workplace culture and local law mean that the extent of disadvantage experienced by workers with disabilities additionally will depend upon the type of impairment they have. Rather than focusing upon the extent and severity of the impairment and how society turns an impairment into a recognized disability, this article aims to critically analyse the social hierarchy of physical versus mental impairment. Methods: Using legal doctrinal research methods, this paper analysis how Australian and Irish workers’ compensation and negligence laws regard workers with mental injuries and impairments as less deserving of compensation and protection than like workers who have physical and sensory injuries or impairments. Results: This research finds that workers who acquire and manifest mental injuries and impairments at work are less able to obtain compensation and protection than workers who have developed physical and sensory injuries of equal or lesser severity. Organizational cultures and governmental laws and policies that treat workers less favourably because they have mental injuries and impairments perpetuates unfair and artificial hierarchies of disability attributes. Conclusions: We conclude that these “sanist” attitudes undermine equal access to compensation for workplace injury as prohibited by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Fußnoten
1
Adopted by General Assembly resolution A/RES/61/611 in 2006) ATS 2008 ATS 12 (Entered into force generally 3 May 2008); signed by Ireland in March 2007.
 
2
CRPD, art 1.
 
3
For example, indifference may create barriers that operate differently depending if a person has an intellectual or sensory disability, or the combination of both.
 
4
When disability intersects with other attributes, or where a person has multiple impairments, this further complicates how disadvantage is experienced and regulated.
 
5
The employment relationship is one means of structuring remunerated work. For the purposes of this paper, we will focus on this form of structuring work relationships.
 
6
Sutherland v Hatton and other appeals [2002] EWCA Civ 76 [5].
 
7
The DSM developed by the American Psychiatric Association and first published in 1952 is now its 5th edition (published in May 2013). The ICD was developed by the World Health Organisation in 1990 and is in its 10th revision (the 11th revision is due in 2018).
 
8
Sutherland v Hatton and other appeals [2002] EWCA Civ 76 [47].
 
9
White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police [1999] 2 AC 455 (Lord Hoffman).
 
10
Fletcher v Commissioner for Public Works in Ireland [2003] 1 IR 465 (Keane CJ).
 
11
As amended by the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1900, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1906, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1934, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1948 and Workmen’s Compensation Act 1955.
 
12
Workmen’s Compensation Act 1897 as amended by the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1906, Workmen’s Compensation Act 1934, Workmen’s Compensation (Amendment) Act 1948.
 
13
Social Welfare (Occupational Injuries) Act 1966 (Ireland).
 
14
In Australia, this is provided for on a federal, state, and mainland territory jurisdictional basis.
 
15
In Moore v Barton & Ors [2014] VSC 78 an employee was injured in 1989 and was still receiving payments 29 years later.
 
16
Social Welfare Consolidation Act 2005 (Ireland) ss 74, 75.
 
17
The current base payment is €193 per week. See further http://​www.​welfare.​ie/​en/​Pages/​injurybenefit.​aspx.
 
18
Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 (Cth); Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 (Cth); Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 (Cth).
 
19
Return to Work Act 2014 (SA); Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW); Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981 (WA); Workers Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 (Qld); Workplace Injury Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2013 (Vic).
 
20
Return to Work Act; Workers’ Compensation Act 1951 (ACT).
 
21
Social Welfare Consolidation Act 2005 (Ireland) s 74.
 
22
Workers Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 (Qld) s 32.
 
23
Workers Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 (Qld) s 32(2).
 
24
Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW) ss 65A and 66; Return to Work Act 2014 (SA) s 56; Workplace Injury Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2013 (Vic) s 56.
 
25
See, for example, Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 (Cth) s 5A.
 
26
Workers’ Compensation Act 1951 (ACT).
 
27
Comcare v Martin [2016] HCA 43.
 
28
Workers Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 (Qld) s 189.
 
29
S. Norton v Blight (No. 3) [2016] SADC 17.
 
30
Social Welfare (Consolidation) Act 2005 (Ireland) s 75.
 
31
Social Welfare Consolidation Act 2005 (Ireland) s 75(4)(b)(i).
 
32
Return to Work Act 2014 (SA) ss 56(3), 58(3).
 
33
Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW) s 66.
 
34
Workers Compensation Act 1987 (NSW) s 66.
 
35
Workplace Injury Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2013 (Vic) ss 211, 212.
 
36
Workers Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 (Qld) ss 188, 192.
 
38
Personal Injuries Assessment Board Act 2003 (Ireland) ss 14(2), 15, 31.
 
39
Personal Injuries Assessment Board Act 2003 (Ireland) s 32.
 
40
There is no reference to psychological injury claims in any of the PIAB’s annual reports. The PIAB has also confirmed in an email (dated 22/02/2017): “we generally would not assess a claim where the injury is wholly of a psychological nature”.
 
41
Personal Injuries Assessment Board Act 2003 (Ireland) s 17(1)(b)(ii)(II).
 
42
Personal Injuries Assessment Board Act 2003 (Ireland) s 17(1)(b)(i).
 
43
The fee for respondents is €600 and for claimants €45 working out at a delivery cost of 6.5% when other costs such as medical costs are included [44]. This can be compared with an estimated delivery cost of 46% of the overall award when a case is litigated before the courts (estimate based on the Motor Insurance Advisory Report 2004).
 
44
In 2015, actions were resolved by PIAB in an average time of 7.1 months [44]; in comparison, litigants may wait years to reach a determination before the courts.
 
45
This approach is reflected in the Irish decision of McGrath v Trintech Technologies [2005] IR 382 and the Australian decision of Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd (2005) 222 CLR 44.
 
46
See Part II above for the rationale for the distinction between mental and physical impairments.
 
47
Lynch v Knight (1891) 9 HLC 577, 598 (Lord Wensleydale).
 
48
For Ireland see Byrne v Southern and Western Ry Co (February 1884) CA and for Australia see Tame v New South Wales [2002] 211 CLR 317.
 
49
For Irish examples see Mullally v Bus Éireann [1992] ILRM 722 (HC), Kelly v Hennessy [1995] 3 IR 253 and in Australia Giffard v Strang Patrick Stevedoring Pty. Ltd. [2003] 214 CLR 269.
 
50
In Ireland see McGrath v Trintech Technologies [2005] IR 382 and in Australia Arnold v Midwest Radio Limited (1998) Aust Torts Rep 81–472 for early examples of these types of cases.
 
51
Fletcher v Commissioners for Public Works [2003] 1 IR 465.
 
52
McGrath v Trintech Technologies [53] (Laffoy J).
 
53
For examples see New South Wales v Fahy [2007] HCA 20, Tame v New South Wales [2002] 211 CLR 317.
 
54
For examples see Gillespie v Commonwealth (1991) 104 ACTR 1, Zammit v Queensland Corrective Services Comission [1998] QSC 169, Sinnott v FJ Trousers Pty Ltd [2000] VSC 124, and Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd (2005) 222 CLR 44.
 
55
[1995] 3 IR 253.
 
56
Kelly v Hennessey [1995] 3 IR 253, 258 (Hamilton CJ).
 
57
[2005] 4 IR 382.
 
58
McGrath v Trintech Technologies [2005] IR 382 [103].
 
59
Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd (2005) 222 CLR 44 [14].
 
60
S v State of New South Wales [2009] NSWCA 164 [52] (Macfarlane JA). This line of reasoning is consistent with the recommendations of the Australian Review of the Law of Negligence Final Report [50].
 
61
Tame v New South Wales [2002] 211 CLR 317 [192].
 
62
[1998] 2 ILRM 385.
 
63
Barclay v An Post [1998] 2 ILRM 385, 399.
 
64
Barclay v An Post [1998] 2 ILRM 385, 399.
 
65
[2005] IR 382.
 
66
[2002] EWCA Civ 76.
 
67
Sutherland v Hatton and other appeals [2002] EWCA Civ 76 [34].
 
68
Sutherland v Hatton and other appeals [2002] EWCA Civ 76 [34].
 
69
Sutherland v Hatton and other appeals [2002] EWCA Civ 76 [34].
 
70
Civil Liability Act 1961 (Ireland) s 34(1).
 
71
For a discussion of the new bullying jurisdiction found in the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) Part 6-4B see [51].
 
72
See for a recent example Wearne v State of Victoria [2017] VSC 25 where the court awarded a state government employee, with known mental health issues, who suffered a “breakdown” after managers failed to properly consider her condition when they addressed a mounting conflict with a supervisor, $210,000 damages for pain and suffering and loss of enjoyment of life and $415,345 in pecuniary losses.
 
73
Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd (2005) 222 CLR 44.
 
74
Fraser v Burswood Resort (Management) Ltd. [2014] WASCA 130.
 
75
Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd (2005) 222 CLR 44 [29].
 
76
[2007] QCA 366.
 
77
Ibid [41] (Keane JA).
 
78
Ibid [101].
 
79
Once a person is diagnosed as having a mental illness, if the person refuses further treatment then the fact they are refusing “help” is used to suggest a mental impairment and lack of capacity.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanck P. Introduction to the social construction of disability: historical, contemporary, and comparative views. J Transnational Law Contemp Probl. 2001;11:i–ii. Blanck P. Introduction to the social construction of disability: historical, contemporary, and comparative views. J Transnational Law Contemp Probl. 2001;11:i–ii.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanck P, Flynn E, editors. Routledge handbook of disability law and human rights. London: Taylor and Francis Group; 2017. Blanck P, Flynn E, editors. Routledge handbook of disability law and human rights. London: Taylor and Francis Group; 2017.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanck P. The first “A” in the ADA: and 25 more “A”s toward equality for Americans with disabilities. Inclusion. 2016;4(1):46–51.CrossRef Blanck P. The first “A” in the ADA: and 25 more “A”s toward equality for Americans with disabilities. Inclusion. 2016;4(1):46–51.CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P. Embracing the new disability rights paradigm: the importance of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Disabil Soc. 2012;27(1):1–14.CrossRef Harpur P. Embracing the new disability rights paradigm: the importance of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Disabil Soc. 2012;27(1):1–14.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P. Discrimination, copyright and equality: law opening the e-book for the print disabled. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017.CrossRef Harpur P. Discrimination, copyright and equality: law opening the e-book for the print disabled. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2017.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnold B, Easteal PL, Easteal S, Rice S. It just doesn’t add up: ADHD/ADD, the workplace and discrimination. Melbourne Univ Law Rev. 2010;34:359–391. Arnold B, Easteal PL, Easteal S, Rice S. It just doesn’t add up: ADHD/ADD, the workplace and discrimination. Melbourne Univ Law Rev. 2010;34:359–391.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanck P. e-Quality: the struggle for web accessibility by persons with cognitive disabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.CrossRef Blanck P. e-Quality: the struggle for web accessibility by persons with cognitive disabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanck P. e-Quality web accessibility and people with cognitive disabilities. Inclusion. 2015;3(2):75–91.CrossRef Blanck P. e-Quality web accessibility and people with cognitive disabilities. Inclusion. 2015;3(2):75–91.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanck P. Civil war pensions and disability. Ohio St Law J. 2001;62:109–249. Blanck P. Civil war pensions and disability. Ohio St Law J. 2001;62:109–249.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Marti MW, Blanck P. Attitudes, behavior, and the ADA. In: Blanck P, editor. Employment, disability, and the Americans with disabilities act: issues in law, public policy, and research. Evanston: Northwestern University Press; 2000. pp. 356–384. Marti MW, Blanck P. Attitudes, behavior, and the ADA. In: Blanck P, editor. Employment, disability, and the Americans with disabilities act: issues in law, public policy, and research. Evanston: Northwestern University Press; 2000. pp. 356–384.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Areheart BA. Disability trouble. Yale Law Policy Rev. 2011;29(1):348–387. Areheart BA. Disability trouble. Yale Law Policy Rev. 2011;29(1):348–387.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P, Suzor N. The Paradigm shift in realising the right to read: how e-Book libraries are enabling in the university sector. Disabil Soc. 2014;29(10):1658–1671.CrossRef Harpur P, Suzor N. The Paradigm shift in realising the right to read: how e-Book libraries are enabling in the university sector. Disabil Soc. 2014;29(10):1658–1671.CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P, Suzor N. Copyright protections and disability rights: turning the page to a new international paradigm. Univ NSW Law J. 2013;36(3):745–778. Harpur P, Suzor N. Copyright protections and disability rights: turning the page to a new international paradigm. Univ NSW Law J. 2013;36(3):745–778.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bagenstos SR. Subordination, stigma, and “disability”. Va Law Rev. 2000;86(3):397–534.CrossRef Bagenstos SR. Subordination, stigma, and “disability”. Va Law Rev. 2000;86(3):397–534.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P, Douglas H. Disability and domestic violence: protecting survivors’ human rights. Griffith Law Rev. 2015;23(3):405–433.CrossRef Harpur P, Douglas H. Disability and domestic violence: protecting survivors’ human rights. Griffith Law Rev. 2015;23(3):405–433.CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Kahn Best R, Hamilton Krieger L, Edelman LB, Scott RE. Multiple disadvantages: an empirical test of intersectionality theory in EEO litigation. Law Soc Rev. 2011;45(4):991–1025.CrossRef Kahn Best R, Hamilton Krieger L, Edelman LB, Scott RE. Multiple disadvantages: an empirical test of intersectionality theory in EEO litigation. Law Soc Rev. 2011;45(4):991–1025.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Solanke I. Infusing the silos in the Equality Act 2010 with synergy. Ind Law J. 2011;40(4):336–358.CrossRef Solanke I. Infusing the silos in the Equality Act 2010 with synergy. Ind Law J. 2011;40(4):336–358.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P, James P. The shift in regulatory focus from employment to work relationships: critiquing reforms to Australian and UK occupational safety and health laws. Comp Labor Law Policy J. 2014;36(1):111–130. Harpur P, James P. The shift in regulatory focus from employment to work relationships: critiquing reforms to Australian and UK occupational safety and health laws. Comp Labor Law Policy J. 2014;36(1):111–130.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P. From disability to ability: changing the phrasing of the debate. Disabil Soc. 2012;27(3):325–337.CrossRef Harpur P. From disability to ability: changing the phrasing of the debate. Disabil Soc. 2012;27(3):325–337.CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweik S. The ugly laws: disability in public. New York: New York University Press; 2009. Schweik S. The ugly laws: disability in public. New York: New York University Press; 2009.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P. Nothing about us without us: The UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (forthcoming). Harpur P. Nothing about us without us: The UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press (forthcoming).
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P. Time to be heard: how advocates can use the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities to drive change. Valparaiso Univ Law Rev. 2011;45:1271–1296. Harpur P. Time to be heard: how advocates can use the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities to drive change. Valparaiso Univ Law Rev. 2011;45:1271–1296.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Byeff Korn J. Crazy (Mental illness under the ADA). Univ Mich J Law Reform. 2003;36:585–652. Byeff Korn J. Crazy (Mental illness under the ADA). Univ Mich J Law Reform. 2003;36:585–652.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanck PD, Sandler LA, Schmeling JL, Schartz HA. The emerging workforce of entrepreneurs with disabilities: preliminary study of entrepreneurship in Iowa. Iowa L Rev. 1999;85(5):1583–1644. Blanck PD, Sandler LA, Schmeling JL, Schartz HA. The emerging workforce of entrepreneurs with disabilities: preliminary study of entrepreneurship in Iowa. Iowa L Rev. 1999;85(5):1583–1644.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffman LC. An employment opportunity or a discrimination dilemma? Sheltered workshops and the employment of the disabled. Univ PA J Law Soc Change. 2013;16:151–179. Hoffman LC. An employment opportunity or a discrimination dilemma? Sheltered workshops and the employment of the disabled. Univ PA J Law Soc Change. 2013;16:151–179.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat McCallum R. In search of origins: blindness in history and law. Aust Bar Rev. 2010;33:146–159. McCallum R. In search of origins: blindness in history and law. Aust Bar Rev. 2010;33:146–159.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanck P, Martinis J. “The right to make choices”: national resource center for supported decision-making. Inclusion. 2015;3(1):24–33.CrossRef Blanck P, Martinis J. “The right to make choices”: national resource center for supported decision-making. Inclusion. 2015;3(1):24–33.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Logue L, Blanck P. Race, ethnicity, and disability: veterans and benefits in post-civil war America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. Logue L, Blanck P. Race, ethnicity, and disability: veterans and benefits in post-civil war America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahomed F. Stigma on the basis of psychosocial disability: a structural human rights violation. J S Afr Hum Rights Law. 2016;32(3):490–509. Mahomed F. Stigma on the basis of psychosocial disability: a structural human rights violation. J S Afr Hum Rights Law. 2016;32(3):490–509.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Perlin ML. A prescription for dignity: rethinking criminal justice and mental disability law. Burlington: Ashgate; 2013. Perlin ML. A prescription for dignity: rethinking criminal justice and mental disability law. Burlington: Ashgate; 2013.
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Perlin ML, Lynch AJ. Sexuality, disability, and the law: beyond the last frontier? New York: Springer; 2016.CrossRef Perlin ML, Lynch AJ. Sexuality, disability, and the law: beyond the last frontier? New York: Springer; 2016.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Perlin ML. On “sanism.”. SMU Law Rev. 1992;46:373–407. Perlin ML. On “sanism.”. SMU Law Rev. 1992;46:373–407.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Perlin ML. Where the winds hit heavy on the borderline: mental disability law, theory and practice, us and them. Loyola Los Angeles Law Rev. 1998;31:775–794. Perlin ML. Where the winds hit heavy on the borderline: mental disability law, theory and practice, us and them. Loyola Los Angeles Law Rev. 1998;31:775–794.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith M. The duty to accommodate drug and alcohol addiction in the workplace. In: Malhotra R, editor. Disability politics in a global economy: essays in honour of Marta Russell. Abingdon: Routledge; 2010. pp. 64–83. Smith M. The duty to accommodate drug and alcohol addiction in the workplace. In: Malhotra R, editor. Disability politics in a global economy: essays in honour of Marta Russell. Abingdon: Routledge; 2010. pp. 64–83.
36.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanck PD, Millender M. Before civil rights: civil war pensions and the politics of disability in America. Alabama Law Rev. 2000;52(1):1–50. Blanck PD, Millender M. Before civil rights: civil war pensions and the politics of disability in America. Alabama Law Rev. 2000;52(1):1–50.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Wildeman S. Protecting rights and building capacities: challenges to global mental health policy in light of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Am Soc Law Med Ethics. 2013;41(1):48–73.CrossRef Wildeman S. Protecting rights and building capacities: challenges to global mental health policy in light of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities. Am Soc Law Med Ethics. 2013;41(1):48–73.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Stapleton J. In restraint of tort. In: Birks P, editor. The frontiers of liability. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994. pp. 83–102. Stapleton J. In restraint of tort. In: Birks P, editor. The frontiers of liability. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994. pp. 83–102.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahuja J. Liability for psychological and psychiatric harm: the road to recovery. Med Law Rev. 2015;23(1):27–52.CrossRefPubMed Ahuja J. Liability for psychological and psychiatric harm: the road to recovery. Med Law Rev. 2015;23(1):27–52.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Brooks A. Guidebook to Australian occupational health and safety laws. 3rd ed. Sydney: CCH Australia; 1988. Brooks A. Guidebook to Australian occupational health and safety laws. 3rd ed. Sydney: CCH Australia; 1988.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamontagne A, Keegel T, Louie A, Ostry A. Job stress as a preventable upstream determinant of common mental disorders: a review for practitioners and policy-makers. Adv Mental Health. 2010;9(1):17–35.CrossRef Lamontagne A, Keegel T, Louie A, Ostry A. Job stress as a preventable upstream determinant of common mental disorders: a review for practitioners and policy-makers. Adv Mental Health. 2010;9(1):17–35.CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnstone R, Bluff E, Clayton A. Work health and safety law and policy. 3rd ed. New York: Thomson Reuters; 2012. Johnstone R, Bluff E, Clayton A. Work health and safety law and policy. 3rd ed. New York: Thomson Reuters; 2012.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Connolly U, Quinlivan S. Accessing justice in cases of occupational bullying in Ireland. Irish Community Dev Law J. 2016;5(1):18–32. Connolly U, Quinlivan S. Accessing justice in cases of occupational bullying in Ireland. Irish Community Dev Law J. 2016;5(1):18–32.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat McMahon B, Binchy W. Law of torts. 4th ed. London: Bloomsbury; 2013. McMahon B, Binchy W. Law of torts. 4th ed. London: Bloomsbury; 2013.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Teff H. Causing psychiatric and emotional harm: reshaping the boundaries of legal liability. Oxford: Hart Publishing; 2009. Teff H. Causing psychiatric and emotional harm: reshaping the boundaries of legal liability. Oxford: Hart Publishing; 2009.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Mulheron R. Rewriting the requirement for a ‘recognized psychiatric injury’ in negligence claims. Oxford J Legal Stud. 2012;3(2):77–112.CrossRef Mulheron R. Rewriting the requirement for a ‘recognized psychiatric injury’ in negligence claims. Oxford J Legal Stud. 2012;3(2):77–112.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Handford P. Liability for work stress: Koehler ten years on. Univ W Aust Law Rev. 2015;39(2):150–179. Handford P. Liability for work stress: Koehler ten years on. Univ W Aust Law Rev. 2015;39(2):150–179.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan G. Koehler v. Cerebos (Australia LTD): work stress and negligently inflicted psychiatric illnesses. Univ NSW Law J. 2005;28(3):821–830. Chan G. Koehler v. Cerebos (Australia LTD): work stress and negligently inflicted psychiatric illnesses. Univ NSW Law J. 2005;28(3):821–830.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Harpur P, French B. Is it safer without you? Analysing the intersection between work health and safety and anti-discrimination laws. J Health Saf Environ. 2014;30:167–183. Harpur P, French B. Is it safer without you? Analysing the intersection between work health and safety and anti-discrimination laws. J Health Saf Environ. 2014;30:167–183.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Hendricks DJ, Batiste L, Hirsh A, Dowler D, Schartz H, Blanck P. Cost and effectiveness of accommodations in the workplace: preliminary results of a nationwide study. Disabil Stud Q. 2005;25(4):12–24.CrossRef Hendricks DJ, Batiste L, Hirsh A, Dowler D, Schartz H, Blanck P. Cost and effectiveness of accommodations in the workplace: preliminary results of a nationwide study. Disabil Stud Q. 2005;25(4):12–24.CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Schur L, Nishii L, Adya M, Kruse D, Bruyere S, Blanck P. Accommodating employees with and without disabilities. Hum Resour Manage. 2014;53(4):593–621.CrossRef Schur L, Nishii L, Adya M, Kruse D, Bruyere S, Blanck P. Accommodating employees with and without disabilities. Hum Resour Manage. 2014;53(4):593–621.CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Schartz H, Hendricks DJ, Blanck P. Workplace accommodations: evidence-based outcomes. Work. 2006;27(4):345–354.PubMed Schartz H, Hendricks DJ, Blanck P. Workplace accommodations: evidence-based outcomes. Work. 2006;27(4):345–354.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Lawson A. Disability equality, reasonable accommodation and the avoidance of ill-treatment in places of detention: the role of supranational monitoring and inspection bodies. Int J Hum Rights. 2012;16(6):845–864.CrossRef Lawson A. Disability equality, reasonable accommodation and the avoidance of ill-treatment in places of detention: the role of supranational monitoring and inspection bodies. Int J Hum Rights. 2012;16(6):845–864.CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Munro M. Define acceptable: how can we ensure that treatment for mental disorder in detention is consistent with the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities? Int J Hum Rights. 2012;16(6):902–913.CrossRef Munro M. Define acceptable: how can we ensure that treatment for mental disorder in detention is consistent with the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities? Int J Hum Rights. 2012;16(6):902–913.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Socially Constructed Hierarchies of Impairments: The Case of Australian and Irish Workers’ Access to Compensation for Injuries
verfasst von
Paul Harpur
Ursula Connolly
Peter Blanck
Publikationsdatum
27.11.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1053-0487
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3688
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-017-9745-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2017

Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 4/2017 Zur Ausgabe