Introduction
Socioeconomic status and HIV/AIDS: a review of empirical studies
Methodology
Data
Measures
Variables | Description |
---|---|
Outcome variable
| |
HIV/AIDS | 1 = if the individual is HIV-positive, 0 otherwise |
Demographic variables
| |
Age | |
15-20 | 1 = if male aged 15-19 years, 0 otherwise |
20-29 | 1 = if male aged 20-29 years, 0 otherwise |
30-39 | 1 = if male aged 30-39 years, 0 otherwise |
40-49 (Ref.) | 1 = if male aged 40-49 years, 0 otherwise |
Gender | |
Male (Ref.)
| 1 = if male, 0 otherwise |
Female
| 1 = if female, 0 otherwise |
Marital status | |
Married (Ref.) | 1 = if the individual is married, 0 otherwise |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 1 = if the individual is separated/divorced/widowed, 0 otherwise |
Never married | 1 = if the individual is never married, 0 otherwise |
Socioeconomic variables
| |
Standard of living | |
Wealth index | Normalized wealth score on a scale of 0-100 |
Education level | |
None (Ref.) | 1 = if the individual has no education, 0 otherwise |
Primary | 1 = if the individual has primary education, 0 otherwise |
Secondary and above | 1 = if the individual has secondary and above education, 0 otherwise |
Occupation type | |
Agriculture (Ref.) | 1 = if the individual’s occupation is agriculture, 0 otherwise |
White-collar | 1 = if the individual is employed in occupations such as management, and office/service, 0 otherwise |
Blue-collar | 1 = if the individual is employed in manual work, 0 otherwise |
Other occupations | 1 = if the individual is employed in other occupations such as trade and domestic, 0 otherwise |
Unemployed | 1 = if the individual is unemployed, 0 otherwise |
Behavioural variables
| |
Number of sex partners | Number of sex partners the individual, excluding spouse, has in last 12 months. |
Age at first sex | |
Never had sex | 1 = if the individual never had sex, 0 otherwise |
<16 | 1 = if the individual had sex before the age of 16, 0 otherwise |
16-17 | 1 = if the individual had sex in ages 16 and 17, 0 otherwise |
18-19 | 1 = if the individual had sex in ages 18 and 19, 0 otherwise |
20 and above (Ref.) | 1 = if the individual had sex after the age of 19, 0 otherwise |
Ecological variable
| |
Geographical area | |
Urban | 1 = if the individual resides in urban area, 0 otherwise |
Rural (Ref.) | 1 = if the individual resides in rural area, 0 otherwise |
Statistical analysis
The relative and generalized concentration indices
Decomposition of the relative and generalized concentration indices
Results
Descriptive results
Name of country | Country code | Survey year | Sample size (total) | GDP per capita | HIV/AIDS prevalence | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Urban | Rural | |||||
Burkina Faso | BF | 2010 | 15380 | 283 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 1.17 | 2.07 | 0.62 |
Cameroon | CM | 2011 | 14198 | 666 | 4.25 | 2.89 | 5.57 | 4.67 | 3.76 |
Congo Brazzaville | CG | 2009 | 12109 | 101 | 3.16 | 2.06 | 4.12 | 3.35 | 2.84 |
Congo Democratic Republic | CD | 2007 | 8936 | 98 | 1.27 | 0.92 | 1.62 | 1.86 | 0.80 |
Cote d’Ivoire | CI | 2005 | 8464 | 578 | 4.74 | 3.11 | 6.21 | 5.45 | 4.10 |
Ethiopia | ET | 2011 | 28503 | 230 | 1.43 | 0.98 | 1.86 | 4.16 | 0.62 |
Ghana | GH | 2003 | 9554 | 276 | 2.20 | 1.63 | 2.71 | 2.30 | 2.12 |
Guinea | GN | 2005 | 6767 | 385 | 1.54 | 1.10 | 1.89 | 2.65 | 0.95 |
Kenya | KE | 2008/2009 | 6906 | 457 | 6.36 | 4.55 | 26.43 | 7.25 | 6.07 |
Lesotho | LS | 2009/2010 | 6924 | 485 | 22.97 | 18.45 | 26.73 | 26.83 | 21.27 |
Liberia | LR | 2005 | 11688 | 187 | 1.60 | 1.23 | 1.91 | 2.54 | 0.94 |
Malawi | MW | 2010 | 13905 | 181 | 10.67 | 8.39 | 12.88 | 17.74 | 8.88 |
Mali | ML | 2006 | 8629 | 255 | 1.34 | 1.11 | 1.54 | 1.73 | 1.12 |
Mozambique | MZ | 2009 | 10305 | 368 | 11.11 | 9.04 | 12.67 | 15.52 | 8.95 |
Niger | NE | 2006 | 7673 | 172 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 1.46 | 0.50 |
Rwanda | RW | 2010 | 13248 | 353 | 3.09 | 2.41 | 3.71 | 7.03 | 2.37 |
Sao Tome & Principe | ST | 2008/2009 | 4710 | 1874 | 1.54 | 1.79 | 1.29 | 0.88 | 2.26 |
Senegal | SN | 2011 | 9917 | 560 | 0.68 | 0.51 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.74 |
Sierra Leone | SL | 2008 | 6455 | 259 | 1.47 | 1.16 | 1.73 | 2.40 | 0.94 |
Swaziland | SZ | 2006/2007 | 8186 | 1745 | 25.88 | 19.70 | 31.15 | 31.43 | 23.79 |
Tanzania | TZ | 2007/2008 | 15044 | 420 | 5.67 | 4.56 | 6.61 | 8.73 | 4.69 |
Uganda | UG | 2011 | 10599 | 393 | 7.28 | 6.11 | 8.21 | 8.85 | 6.89 |
Zambia | ZM | 2007 | 10874 | 385 | 14.21 | 12.29 | 16.09 | 19.51 | 10.27 |
Zimbabwe | ZW | 2010/2011 | 13897 | 335 | 15.32 | 12.66 | 17.71 | 16.84 | 14.65 |
Total† | 262871 | 328 | 4.51 | 3.51 | 6.96 | 5.90 | 3.90 |
Socioeconomic inequality in HIV/AIDS
Country | Relative concentration indices | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | RCmale-RCfemale | SRCmale-SRCfemale | Urban | Rural | RCurban-RCrural | SRCurban-SRCrural | ||||||
RC | SRC | RC | SRC | RC | SRC | RC | SRC | RC | SRC | |||||
BF |
0.269
|
0.298
|
0.248
|
0.009
|
0.284
|
0.324
| -0.036 |
-0.315
| 0.047 | 0.056 | 0.039 | 0.055 | 0.008 | 0.001 |
CM |
0.12
|
0.138
|
0.098
|
0.015
|
0.138
|
0.152
| -0.04 |
-0.137
| 0.059 | 0.06 |
0.212
|
0.223
|
-0.153
|
-0.163
|
CG | 0.03 | 0.058 | -0.097 | -0.003 |
0.09
|
0.104
|
-0.187
|
-0.107
| -0.033 | -0.022 | 0.09 | 0.111 | -0.123 | -0.133 |
CD |
0.211
|
0.219
|
0.374
|
0.015
| 0.125 | 0.153 |
0.249
| -0.138 | 0.011 | 0.025 | 0.177 | 0.174 | -0.166 | -0.149 |
CI |
0.117
|
0.139
| -0.008 | 0.002 |
0.166
|
0.193
|
-0.174
|
-0.191
| 0.01 | 0.035 |
0.145
|
0.158
| -0.135 | -0.123 |
ET |
0.507
|
0.523
|
0.507
|
0.023
|
0.501
|
0.518
| 0.006 |
-0.495
| 0.068 | 0.054 |
0.266
|
0.288
|
-0.198
|
-0.234
|
GH | 0.038 | 0.052 | 0.013 | 0.002 | 0.044 | 0.065 | -0.031 | -0.063 | -0.09 | -0.1 |
0.135
|
0.145
|
-0.225
|
-0.245
|
GN |
0.167
|
0.209
| -0.019 | 0.001 |
0.268
|
0.297
|
-0.287
|
-0.296
|
-0.149
| -0.117 | -0.105 | -0.098 | -0.044 | -0.019 |
KE |
0.07
| 0.06 | 0.073 | 0.009 |
0.039
| 0.052 | 0.034 | -0.043 |
-0.148
|
-0.16
|
0.086
| 0.083 |
-0.234
|
-0.243
|
LS |
0.03
| 0.019 | 0.023 | 0.025 |
0.026
| 0.01 | -0.003 | 0.015 | -0.083 |
-0.091
|
0.031
|
0.043
|
-0.114
|
-0.134
|
LR |
0.244
|
0.262
|
0.276
|
0.014
|
0.226
|
0.239
| 0.05 |
-0.225
| 0.032 | 0.044 | 0.102 | 0.116 | -0.07 | -0.072 |
MW |
0.143
|
0.154
|
0.127
|
0.048
|
0.155
|
0.159
| -0.028 |
-0.111
| -0.012 | -0.002 |
0.084
|
0.087
|
-0.096
|
-0.089
|
ML | 0.097 | 0.113 | 0.185 | 0.01 | 0.044 | 0.063 | 0.141 | -0.053 | 0.136 | 0.161 | -0.058 | -0.062 | 0.194 | 0.223 |
MZ |
0.188
|
0.211
|
0.188
|
0.085
|
0.192
|
0.203
| -0.004 |
-0.118
| 0.009 | 0.023 |
0.176
|
0.189
|
-0.167
|
-0.166
|
NE |
0.228
|
0.255
| 0.217 | 0.008 |
0.237
|
0.257
| -0.02 |
-0.249
| -0.029 | -0.013 | 0.028 | 0.026 | -0.057 | -0.039 |
RW |
0.128
|
0.15
|
0.107
|
0.016
|
0.148
|
0.161
| -0.041 |
-0.145
| -0.025 | -0.001 | -0.019 | 0 | -0.006 | -0.001 |
ST | -0.063 | -0.047 | -0.03 | 0 | -0.105 | -0.096 | 0.075 | 0.096 | -0.062 | -0.044 | 0.025 | 0.035 | -0.087 | -0.079 |
SN |
-0.177
|
-0.165
| -0.215 | -0.005 | -0.151 | -0.148 | -0.064 | 0.143 | -0.122 | -0.145 |
-0.248
|
-0.236
| 0.126 | 0.091 |
SL |
0.255
|
0.273
|
0.41
|
0.019
| 0.163 |
0.169
| 0.247 | -0.15 | 0.078 | 0.096 | 0.129 | 0.133 | -0.051 | -0.037 |
SZ | -0.005 |
-0.027
| 0.011 |
-0.052
| -0.01 |
-0.021
| 0.021 | -0.031 |
-0.069
|
-0.07
|
-0.033
|
-0.04
|
-0.036
| -0.03 |
TZ |
0.102
|
0.108
|
0.093
|
0.018
|
0.104
|
0.111
| -0.011 |
-0.093
| -0.023 | -0.015 | -0.011 | -0.004 | -0.012 | -0.011 |
UG |
0.051
|
0.064
| 0.021 | 0.011 |
0.067
|
0.08
| -0.046 |
-0.069
|
-0.11
|
-0.095
|
0.042
|
0.05
|
-0.152
|
-0.145
|
ZM |
0.15
|
0.177
|
0.125
|
0.076
|
0.167
|
0.187
| -0.042 |
-0.111
|
-0.04
| -0.027 |
0.12
|
0.133
|
-0.16
|
-0.16
|
ZW | -0.017 | -0.008 | -0.035 | -0.015 | -0.002 | 0.006 | -0.033 | -0.021 |
-0.072
|
-0.07
|
-0.044
|
-0.031
| -0.028 | -0.039 |
Total† |
0.213
| - |
0.206
| - |
0.322
|
-
| -0.116 | 0.162 | - |
0.253
| - | -0.091 | ||
Generalized concentration indices
| ||||||||||||||
Total
|
Male
|
Female
|
GC
male
-GC
female
|
SGC
male
-SGC
female
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
GC
urban
-GC
rural
|
SGC
urban
-SGC
rural
| ||||||
CG
|
SGC
|
GC
|
SGC
|
GC
|
SGC
|
GC
|
SGC
|
GC
|
SGC
| |||||
BF |
0.274
|
0.304
|
0.208
|
0.008
|
0.333
|
0.38
| -0.125 |
-0.372
| 0.098 | 0.118 | 0.024 | 0.033 | 0.074 | 0.085 |
CM |
0.51
|
0.587
|
0.283
|
0.044
|
0.771
|
0.846
|
-0.488
|
-0.802
| 0.276 | 0.28 |
0.797
|
0.847
|
-0.521
|
-0.567
|
CG | 0.096 | 0.184 | -0.2 | -0.007 |
0.369
|
0.429
|
-0.569
|
-0.436
| -0.108 | -0.073 | 0.256 | 0.31 | -0.364 | -0.383 |
CD |
0.269
|
0.279
|
0.343
|
0.014
| 0.202 | 0.248 | 0.141 | -0.234 | 0.02 | 0.048 | 0.141 | 0.139 | -0.121 | -0.091 |
CI |
0.553
|
0.659
| -0.025 | 0.006 |
1.029
|
1.202
| -1.054 |
-1.196
| 0.056 | 0.189 |
0.596
|
0.648
| -0.54 | -0.459 |
ET |
0.726
|
0.749
|
0.495
|
0.022
|
0.932
|
0.964
|
-0.437
|
-0.942
| 0.285 | 0.225 |
0.164
|
0.173
| 0.121 | 0.052 |
GH | 0.085 | 0.114 | 0.022 | 0.004 | 0.118 | 0.176 | -0.096 | -0.172 | -0.208 | -0.23 |
0.286
|
0.305
|
-0.494
|
-0.535
|
GN |
0.257
|
0.322
| -0.021 | 0.001 |
0.506
|
0.561
|
-0.527
|
-0.56
|
-0.402
| -0.315 | -0.1 | -0.098 | -0.302 | -0.217 |
KE |
0.447
| 0.379 | 0.334 | 0.042 |
1.03
| 1.375 | -0.696 | -1.333 |
-1.08
|
-1.168
|
0.519
| 0.507 |
-1.599
|
-1.675
|
LS |
0.685
| 0.426 | 0.425 | 0.463 |
0.685
| 0.273 | -0.26 | 0.19 |
-2.229
|
-2.445
|
0.649
|
0.926
|
-2.878
|
-3.371
|
LR |
0.39
|
0.418
|
0.34
|
0.017
|
0.431
|
0.456
| -0.091 |
-0.439
| 0.081 | 0.11 | 0.095 | 0.104 | -0.014 | 0.006 |
MW |
1.524
|
1.643
|
1.063
|
0.4
|
1.998
|
2.054
|
-0.935
|
-1.654
| -0.207 | -0.033 |
0.747
|
0.774
| -0.954 | -0.807 |
ML | 0.13 | 0.151 | 0.205 | 0.011 | 0.067 | 0.097 | 0.138 | -0.086 | 0.232 | 0.274 | -0.065 | -0.068 | 0.297 | 0.342 |
MZ |
2.094
|
2.342
|
1.702
|
0.764
|
2.428
|
2.577
| -0.726 |
-1.813
| 0.143 | 0.364 |
1.575
|
1.684
|
-1.432
|
-1.32
|
NE |
0.162
|
0.181
| 0.155 | 0.006 |
0.168
|
0.182
| -0.013 |
-0.176
| -0.044 | -0.019 | 0.014 | 0.013 | -0.058 | -0.032 |
RW |
0.394
|
0.462
|
0.257
|
0.038
|
0.549
|
0.598
| -0.292 |
-0.56
| -0.173 | -0.01 | -0.044 | 0 | -0.129 | -0.01 |
ST | -0.098 | -0.073 | -0.055 | 0.000 | -0.136 | -0.124 | 0.081 | 0.124 | -0.056 | -0.04 | 0.056 | 0.081 | -0.112 | -0.121 |
SN |
-0.121
|
-0.112
| -0.11 | -0.003 | -0.125 | -0.123 | 0.015 | 0.12 | -0.073 | -0.087 |
-0.183
|
-0.165
| 0.11 | 0.078 |
SL |
0.373
|
0.4
|
0.477
|
0.022
| 0.282 |
0.292
| 0.195 | -0.27 | 0.188 | 0.23 | 0.121 | 0.12 | 0.067 | 0.11 |
SZ | -0.141 |
-0.705
| 0.219 |
-1.016
| -0.319 |
-0.648
| 0.538 | -0.368 |
-2.174
|
-2.202
|
-0.79
|
-0.95
|
-1.384
|
-1.252
|
TZ |
0.578
|
0.615
|
0.425
|
0.083
|
0.69
|
0.731
| -0.265 |
-0.648
| -0.2 | -0.127 | -0.053 | -0.021 | -0.147 | -0.106 |
UG |
0.37
|
0.469
| 0.129 | 0.065 |
0.553
|
0.653
|
-0.424
|
-0.588
|
-0.982
|
-0.845
|
0.287
|
0.343
|
-1.269
|
-1.188
|
ZM |
2.13
|
2.511
|
1.531
|
0.935
|
2.689
|
3.016
|
-1.158
|
-2.081
|
-0.782
| -0.522 |
1.233
|
1.37
|
-2.015
|
-1.892
|
ZW | -0.256 | -0.129 | -0.444 | -0.188 | -0.032 | 0.105 | -0.412 | -0.293 |
-1.212
|
-1.17
|
-0.645
|
-0.455
| -0.567 |
-0.715
|
Total† |
0.96
| - |
0.725
|
-
|
2.241
|
-
| -1.516 | 0.957 |
-
|
0.977
|
-
| -0.02 |
Independent variables | GDP/Cap (Log) | Gini index | Gender equality† | Governance indicators | Western Africa | Eastern and Central Africa | Southern Africa | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | Control of corruption | Government effectiveness | Political stability | Regulatory quality | Rule of law | Voice and accountability | ||||||
Total
| ||||||||||||
RC |
-0.093
|
-1.298
| -0.057 | -0.035 | -0.032 | -0.046 | -0.040 | -0.022 | -0.043 | 0.023 | 0.028 | -0.050 |
SRC |
-0.100
|
-1.376
| -0.057 | -0.041 | -0.036 | -0.046 | -0.043 | -0.024 | -0.045 | 0.021 | 0.042 | -0.061 |
GC | -0.126 | -1.119 | 0.242 | 0.224 | 0.319 | 0.194 | 0.281 | 0.259 | 0.264 | -0.264 | -0.456 |
0.703
|
SGC | -0.220 | -1.816 | 0.224 | 0.124 | 0.285 | 0.191 | 0.260 | 0.229 | 0.302 | -0.262 | -0.420 | 0.667 |
Male
| ||||||||||||
RC |
-0.107
|
-1.327
| -0.086 | -0.026 | -0.059 | -0.039 | -0.045 | -0.012 | -0.001 | 0.033 | 0.017 | -0.052 |
SRC | -0.012 | -0.077 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.014 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.019 | -0.008 | -0.010 | 0.018 |
GC | -0.067 | -0.902 | 0.208 | 0.286 | 0.298 | 0.220 | 0.296 | 0.294 | 0.298 | -0.216 | -0.371 |
0.572
|
SGC | -0.144 | -0.368 | 0.172 | 0.090 | 0.177 | 0.122 | 0.138 | 0.155 |
0.271
| -0.117 | -0.073 | 0.194 |
Female
| ||||||||||||
RC |
-0.089
|
-1.312
| -0.086 | -0.036 | -0.018 | -0.049 | -0.038 | -0.025 | -0.069 | 0.009 | 0.037 | -0.044 |
SRC |
-0.095
|
-1.387
| 0.011 | -0.045 | -0.024 | -0.054 | -0.038 | -0.028 | -0.073 | 0.013 | 0.046 | -0.057 |
GC | -0.157 | -1.157 | 0.208 | 0.100 | 0.324 | 0.137 | 0.297 | 0.180 | 0.214 | -0.241 | -0.588 |
0.798
|
SGC | -0.210 | -1.642 | 0.172 | -0.054 | 0.274 | 0.082 | 0.309 | 0.105 | 0.213 | -0.166 | -0.592 | 0.720 |
Urban
| ||||||||||||
RC | -0.033 |
-0.549
| -0.046 | -0.005 | -0.035 | 0.004 | -0.025 | 0.001 | 0.006 | -0.009 | 0.039 | -0.026 |
SRC | -0.035 | -0.511 | -0.047 | -0.007 | -0.043 | 0.004 | -0.029 | -0.004 | 0.002 | -0.005 | 0.038 | -0.029 |
GC | -0.401 |
-7.420
| -0.348 | -0.353 | -0.182 | -0.113 | -0.034 | -0.044 | 0.117 | 0.291 |
0.717
|
-0.970
|
SGC | -0.418 |
-7.456
| -0.335 | -0.363 | -0.190 | -0.100 | -0.015 | -0.043 | 0.107 | 0.274 | 0.691 |
-0.927
|
Rural
| ||||||||||||
RC | -0.045 | -0.388 | -0.077 | -0.057 | -0.045 | -0.035 | -0.040 | -0.034 | -0.023 | 0.078 | -0.091 | -0.001 |
SRC | -0.047 | -0.400 | -0.076 | -0.056 | -0.044 | -0.035 | -0.043 | -0.034 | -0.025 | 0.078 | -0.089 | -0.003 |
GC | -0.099 | -0.309 | 0.102 | 0.039 | 0.220 | 0.118 | 0.287 | 0.186 | 0.296 | -0.040 | -0.273 | 0.293 |
SGC | -0.113 | 0.127 | 0.129 | 0.051 | 0.222 | 0.134 | 0.254 | 0.177 | 0.316 | -0.083 | -0.298 | 0.362 |
Determinants of socioeconomic inequalities in HIV/AIDS
Age-Gender | Marital status | Living standard | Education | Occupation | Sexual Behaviours | Urban residence | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | 15-20 | 21-29 | 31-39 | Female | Never married | Separated/divorced/widowed | Wealth index | Primary | Secondary and above | White collar | Blue collar | Other | Unemployed | Number of sex partners | Never had sex | <16 | 16-17 | 18-19 | Urban |
BF
| -0.0147† | -0.0104† | -0.0008 | 0.0053‡ | -0.0054 | 0.0333‡ | 0.000 | 0.0029 | 0.0031 | 0.0006 | -0.0042 | 0.0045 | -0.0039 | 0.0049 | 0.0077* | -0.0147† | -0.0104† | -0.0008 | 0.0053‡ |
CM
| -0.0284† | -0.0142‡ | 0.015‡ | 0.0241† | -0.0109* | 0.0745† | 0.0004† | 0.0299† | 0.0316† | -0.0034 | -0.0011 | 0.0085 | -0.0039 | -0.0002 | -0.0042 | -0.0284† | -0.0142‡ | 0.015‡ | 0.0241† |
CG
| -0.0543† | -0.0333† | -0.0201‡ | 0.0231† | 0.0132* | 0.0265† | 0.0001 | 0.0079 | 0.0115 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.0006 | 0.0107 | -0.0543† | -0.0333† | -0.0201‡ | 0.0231† |
CD
| -0.0012 | -0.0059 | -0.0008 | 0.0053 | -0.0027 | 0.0122 | 0000 | 0.0081* | 0.0051 | 0.0071* | -0.0023 | -- | 0.0031 | 0.0014 | -0.0005 | -0.0012 | -0.0059 | -0.0008 | 0.0053 |
CI
| -0.055† | -0.0263‡ | 0.0145 | 0.0276† | 0.0095 | 0.0647† | 0.0004 | 0.0075 | 0.0024 | 0.008 | 0.0064 | 0.0201* | 0.019 | -0.0046‡ | -0.0315* | -0.055† | -0.0263‡ | 0.0145 | 0.0276† |
ET
| -0.0085† | -0.0029 | 0.01† | 0.0019 | -0.0106‡ | 0.0481† | 0.0006† | 0.0086† | 0.0004 | -0.0043 | 0.0212† | 0.0032 | -0.0005 | 0.0053 | 0.0048 | -0.0085† | -0.0029 | 0.01† | 0.0019 |
GH
| -0.0201† | -0.012‡ | 0.0068 | 0.0058* | -0.0074 | 0.0197‡ | -0.0001 | 0.0162† | 0.011‡ | 0.0094 | -0.0029 | 0.0125* | 0.006 | 0.001 | -0.0012 | -0.0201† | -0.012‡ | 0.0068 | 0.0058* |
GN
| -0.0142‡ | -0.0118‡ | -0.0055 | 0.0117† | -0.0049 | 0.0318 | -0.0003‡ | 0.004 | 0.0107 | 0.0151 | 0.0036 | 0.0131‡ | -0.0042 | 0.0069* | 0.0039 | -0.0142‡ | -0.0118‡ | -0.0055 | 0.0117† |
KE
| -0.0042 | 0.0032 | 0.0162 | 0.0265† | -0.0147 | 0.1884† | 0.0006* | 0.0325‡ | 0.0051 | 0.0274* | -0.0022 | 0.0137 | -0.0121 | 0 | -0.0232 | -0.0042 | 0.0032 | 0.0162 | 0.0265† |
LS
| -0.1687† | -0.0346* | 0.1048† | 0.0646† | -0.0428‡ | 0.2234† | 0.000 | 0.008 | -0.005 | -0.0167 | 0.0628† | 0.0883† | 0.0051 | 0.0194 | -0.0217 | -0.1687† | -0.0346* | 0.1048† | 0.0646† |
LR
| -0.0148* | -0.007 | 0.0001 | 0.0093‡ | 0.007 | 0.0123* | 0.000 | 0.0047 | 0.0059 | 0.0152‡ | 0.0123 | 0.013‡ | 0.0169† | -0.0028* | -0.0103 | -0.0148* | -0.007 | 0.0001 | 0.0093‡ |
MW
| -0.1041† | -0.09† | 0.0068 | 0.028† | -0.047† | 0.1583† | 0.0007‡ | 0.0152 | 0.0122 | 0.0956† | 0.0178* | 0.0299† | -0.0006 | 0.0128* | 0.0478† | -0.1041† | -0.09† | 0.0068 | 0.028† |
ML
| -0.0124‡ | -0.0057 | 0.0011 | 0.0044 | -0.0027 | 0.0147 | 0.0002 | 0.0042 | -0.0011 | 0.0189 | -0.0069 | 0.004 | 0.0001 | 0.0028 | 0.0062 | -0.0124‡ | -0.0057 | 0.0011 | 0.0044 |
MZ
| -0.0051 | 0.0358† | 0.048† | 0.0303† | -0.0497† | 0.1285† | 0.0015† | 0.0266† | -0.0063 | -0.0456 | -0.0203 | -0.07 | -0.0921‡ | 0.0062 | 0.0097 | -0.0051 | 0.0358† | 0.048† | 0.0303† |
NE
| -0.0036 | 0.0021 | 0.0098† | 0.0013 | -0.0052 | 0.0418† | 0.000 | 0.0007 | -0.0042 | 0.0099 | -0.0002 | -0.001 | -0.0027 | 0.0114* | 0.007 | -0.0036 | 0.0021 | 0.0098† | 0.0013 |
RW
| -0.0311† | -0.0264† | -0.0063 | 0.0104† | -0.0065 | 0.0676† | 0.0001 | 0.0065 | 0.007 | 0.0235‡ | 0.0154† | 0.0135* | 0.0124‡ | 0.0061 | -0.0126‡ | -0.0311† | -0.0264† | -0.0063 | 0.0104† |
ST
| -0.0155* | -0.01 | 0.0033 | -0.0016 | -0.003 | 0.0095 | 0.0001 | -0.021 | -0.0181 | -0.014 | -0.0175* | -0.0193* | -0.0121 | 0.0003 | 0.0151 | -0.0155* | -0.01 | 0.0033 | -0.0016 |
SN
| -0.0156† | -0.0115† | -0.0059 | 0.0002 | 0.0041 | 0.0182‡ | -0.0001‡ | -0.0012 | -0.005‡ | -0.0013 | -0.0074† | -0.0008 | 0.0001 | 0.001 | 0.0015 | -0.0156† | -0.0115† | -0.0059 | 0.0002 |
SL
| -0.0121 | -0.0038 | -0.0008 | 0.0063 | 0.0067 | 0.0134 | 0.0004* | -0.0001 | -0.0043 | -0.004 | 0.0076 | 0.0014 | -0.0032 | 0.0028 | -0.0042 | -0.0121 | -0.0038 | -0.0008 | 0.0063 |
SZ
| -0.0482‡ | 0.109† | 0.1685† | 0.0852† | -0.0691† | 0.1931† | -0.001† | -0.012 | -0.0507‡ | -0.0501‡ | 0.0004 | 0.0336 | -0.0416‡ | 0.0468† | -0.0715† | -0.0482‡ | 0.109† | 0.1685† | 0.0852† |
TZ
| -0.036† | -0.0066 | 0.0279† | 0.0019 | -0.0086 | 0.092† | 0.0002 | 0.0046 | -0.0117 | -0.0034 | -0.0109 | 0.0261‡ | -0.0009 | -0.0011 | 0.0121 | -0.036† | -0.0066 | 0.0279† | 0.0019 |
UG
| -0.0409† | -0.0183† | 0.0223† | 0.0049 | -0.0112 | 0.1087† | 0.0003* | 0.0171‡ | -0.0019 | 0.025† | 0.0226† | 0.0313† | 0.0129‡ | 0.0014 | 0.0104 | -0.0409† | -0.0183† | 0.0223† | 0.0049 |
ZM
| -0.0556† | -0.0294‡ | 0.0545† | 0.02‡ | -0.0688† | 0.1928† | 0.0008† | 0.0433† | 0.0405† | 0.0704† | 0.0457† | 0.0509† | 0.0334† | 0.0236† | -0.0039 | -0.0556† | -0.0294‡ | 0.0545† | 0.02‡ |
ZW
| -0.1666† | -0.1152† | 0.0091 | 0.0205† | -0.013 | 0.2179† | -0.001† | 0.0925† | 0.0991† | -0.0121 | 0.0062 | 0.0014 | 0.0047 | -0.0009 | 0.0104 | -0.1666† | -0.1152† | 0.0091 | 0.0205† |
Age-Gender | Marital status | Living standard | Education | Occupation | Sexual behaviours | Urban residence | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | 15-20 | 21-29 | 31-39 | Female | Never married | Separated/ divorced/widowed | Wealth Index | Primary | Secondary and above | White collar | Blue collar | Other | Unemployed | Number of Sex Partners | Never had sex | <16 | 16-17 | 18-19 | Urban | |
BF
|
RC
| 0.022 | 0.058 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.148 | 0.061 | 0.505 | 0.225 | 0.638 | 0.724 | 0.242 | 0.309 | 0.215 | 0.350 | 0.054 | -0.123 | -0.018 | 0.046 | 0.637 |
GC
| 0.004 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.035 | 0.002 | 7.269 | 0.037 | 0.083 | 0.027 | 0.022 | 0.053 | 0.030 | 0.045 | 0.008 | -0.018 | -0.004 | 0.009 | 0.170 | |
CM
|
RC
| 0.011 | 0.053 | -0.007 | -0.016 | 0.129 | 0.021 | 0.346 | -0.195 | 0.288 | 0.487 | 0.159 | 0.152 | 0.160 | 0.350 | 0.054 | -0.123 | -0.018 | 0.046 | 0.395 |
GC
| 0.003 | 0.019 | -0.001 | -0.008 | 0.047 | 0.001 | 11.829 | -0.065 | 0.149 | 0.032 | 0.033 | 0.030 | 0.037 | 0.182 | 0.008 | -0.033 | -0.004 | 0.008 | 0.214 | |
CG
|
RC
| 0.036 | 0.052 | -0.011 | -0.011 | 0.088 | -0.078 | 0.320 | -0.306 | 0.123 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.021 | 0.119 | -0.092 | 0.061 | 0.081 | 0.330 |
GC
| 0.007 | 0.019 | -0.003 | -0.006 | 0.029 | -0.009 | 12.765 | -0.072 | 0.089 | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.021 | 0.119 | -0.092 | 0.061 | 0.081 | 0.208 | |
CD
|
RC
| 0.085 | 0.008 | -0.009 | -0.001 | 0.161 | -0.098 | 0.465 | -0.201 | 0.244 | 0.342 | 0.253 | -- | 0.178 | 0.038 | 0.166 | -0.112 | 0.016 | 0.028 | 0.438 |
GC
| 0.017 | 0.003 | -0.002 | -0.001 | 0.050 | -0.007 | 12.477 | -0.069 | 0.125 | 0.088 | 0.027 | -- | 0.053 | 0.058 | 0.054 | -0.053 | 0.007 | 0.011 | 0.195 | |
CI
|
RC
| 0.057 | 0.029 | -0.030 | 0.008 | 0.140 | 0.001 | 0.352 | 0.002 | 0.316 | 0.354 | 0.280 | 0.108 | 0.129 | 0.109 | 0.126 | -0.078 | 0.030 | 0.073 | 0.361 |
GC
| 0.013 | 0.012 | -0.007 | 0.004 | 0.058 | 0.000 | 13.897 | 0.001 | 0.092 | 0.053 | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0.036 | 0.137 | 0.039 | -0.037 | 0.013 | 0.027 | 0.172 | |
ET
|
RC
| 0.025 | 0.041 | -0.015 | 0.000 | 0.132 | 0.024 | 0.189 | 0.045 | 0.622 | 0.696 | 0.354 | 0.259 | 0.035 | 0.375 | 0.087 | -0.099 | -0.026 | 0.009 | 0.697 |
GC
| 0.006 | 0.014 | -0.004 | 0.000 | 0.044 | 0.002 | 6.198 | 0.020 | 0.083 | 0.035 | 0.030 | 0.035 | 0.009 | 0.019 | 0.025 | -0.021 | -0.003 | 0.001 | 0.160 | |
GH
|
RC
| 0.028 | 0.045 | -0.029 | 0.016 | 0.136 | 0.011 | 0.484 | -0.161 | 0.210 | 0.411 | 0.194 | 0.263 | 0.154 | 0.146 | 0.095 | -0.129 | -0.042 | 0.031 | 0.443 |
GC
| 0.006 | 0.014 | -0.007 | 0.009 | 0.047 | 0.001 | 12.372 | -0.029 | 0.124 | 0.044 | 0.031 | 0.044 | 0.035 | 0.031 | 0.019 | -0.021 | -0.008 | 0.006 | 0.207 | |
GN
|
RC
| 0.102 | 0.072 | -0.076 | -0.035 | 0.187 | 0.134 | 0.540 | 0.133 | 0.477 | 0.502 | 0.339 | 0.281 | 0.326 | 0.192 | 0.156 | -0.103 | 0.042 | 0.074 | 0.597 |
GC
| 0.021 | 0.020 | -0.019 | -0.019 | 0.047 | 0.006 | 12.917 | 0.019 | 0.096 | 0.020 | 0.038 | 0.055 | 0.068 | 0.059 | 0.017 | -0.037 | 0.009 | 0.011 | 0.205 | |
KE
|
RC
| -0.129 | 0.082 | 0.037 | -0.025 | 0.007 | -0.087 | 0.249 | -0.141 | 0.291 | 0.327 | 0.046 | 0.234 | -0.060 | 0.075 | -0.064 | -0.129 | 0.014 | 0.077 | 0.668 |
GC
| -0.027 | 0.029 | 0.009 | -0.013 | 0.003 | -0.007 | 11.176 | -0.077 | 0.112 | 0.067 | 0.006 | 0.022 | -0.017 | 0.017 | -0.010 | -0.036 | 0.003 | 0.014 | 0.165 | |
LS
|
RC
| -0.021 | -0.004 | 0.040 | 0.026 | 0.042 | -0.065 | 0.320 | -0.217 | 0.298 | 0.390 | 0.177 | 0.214 | -0.022 | 0.025 | 0.000 | -0.091 | 0.010 | 0.025 | 0.553 |
GC
| -0.005 | -0.001 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.018 | -0.006 | 11.755 | -0.104 | 0.135 | 0.044 | 0.027 | 0.016 | -0.010 | 0.012 | 0.000 | -0.020 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.169 | |
LR
|
RC
| 0.099 | 0.002 | -0.016 | -0.066 | 0.184 | -0.003 | 0.406 | -0.082 | 0.312 | 0.448 | 0.209 | 0.391 | 0.356 | 0.142 | 0.080 | -0.056 | 0.019 | 0.035 | 0.535 |
GC
| 0.015 | 0.001 | -0.005 | -0.029 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 11.098 | -0.026 | 0.109 | 0.044 | 0.015 | 0.085 | 0.043 | 0.062 | 0.006 | -0.017 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.194 | |
MW
|
RC
| 0.040 | -0.016 | -0.008 | -0.020 | 0.130 | -0.123 | 0.446 | -0.109 | 0.429 | 0.523 | 0.015 | 0.180 | 0.110 | 0.121 | 0.111 | -0.068 | 0.019 | -0.011 | 0.587 |
GC
| 0.009 | -0.006 | -0.002 | -0.010 | 0.037 | -0.010 | 8.958 | -0.070 | 0.108 | 0.032 | 0.003 | 0.026 | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.015 | -0.021 | 0.004 | -0.002 | 0.119 | |
ML
|
RC
| 0.051 | 0.046 | -0.045 | -0.008 | 0.092 | 0.203 | 0.506 | 0.072 | 0.528 | 0.509 | 0.287 | 0.226 | 0.070 | 0.285 | 0.043 | -0.040 | 0.031 | 0.050 | 0.574 |
GC
| 0.011 | 0.014 | -0.011 | -0.004 | 0.019 | 0.008 | 7.337 | 0.011 | 0.077 | 0.013 | 0.027 | 0.042 | 0.024 | 0.042 | 0.007 | -0.013 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.198 | |
MZ
|
RC
| 0.035 | 0.029 | -0.052 | -0.031 | 0.285 | 0.046 | 0.452 | -0.043 | 0.591 | 0.597 | 0.386 | 0.240 | -0.178 | 0.262 | -0.015 | -0.069 | 0.057 | 0.059 | 0.452 |
GC
| 0.003 | 0.009 | -0.014 | -0.017 | 0.030 | 0.006 | 8.010 | -0.026 | 0.077 | 0.043 | 0.041 | 0.029 | -0.122 | 0.061 | 0.000 | -0.024 | 0.015 | 0.011 | 0.126 | |
NE
|
RC
| 0.086 | 0.019 | -0.050 | -0.037 | 0.265 | 0.117 | 0.611 | 0.223 | 0.676 | 0.421 | 0.046 | 0.086 | 0.017 | 0.463 | 0.237 | -0.108 | -0.047 | 0.029 | 0.713 |
GC
| 0.016 | 0.006 | -0.013 | -0.021 | 0.051 | 0.004 | 7.313 | 0.030 | 0.065 | 0.028 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.006 | 0.018 | 0.037 | -0.037 | -0.007 | 0.003 | 0.159 | |
RW
|
RC
| 0.014 | 0.020 | -0.012 | -0.035 | 0.079 | -0.205 | 0.267 | -0.058 | 0.436 | 0.641 | 0.172 | 0.493 | 0.096 | 0.172 | 0.045 | -0.005 | -0.039 | -0.017 | 0.518 |
GC
| 0.003 | 0.007 | -0.002 | -0.018 | 0.033 | -0.014 | 5.427 | -0.040 | 0.077 | 0.023 | 0.027 | 0.035 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.000 | -0.004 | -0.003 | 0.080 | |
ST
|
RC
| 0.087 | -0.029 | -0.033 | 0.018 | 0.109 | -0.282 | 0.392 | -0.179 | 0.306 | 0.174 | -0.116 | -0.096 | 0.075 | 0.007 | 0.103 | -0.095 | -0.050 | 0.021 | 0.152 |
GC
| 0.020 | -0.009 | -0.008 | 0.009 | 0.034 | -0.029 | 9.758 | -0.103 | 0.119 | 0.051 | -0.014 | -0.013 | 0.022 | 0.002 | 0.015 | -0.020 | -0.014 | 0.005 | 0.079 | |
SN
|
RC
| -0.035 | 0.048 | 0.006 | -0.009 | 0.127 | 0.095 | 0.263 | 0.119 | 0.314 | 0.327 | 0.161 | 0.090 | 0.003 | 0.141 | 0.123 | -0.227 | -0.103 | -0.007 | 0.370 |
GC
| -0.008 | 0.017 | 0.001 | -0.005 | 0.053 | 0.003 | 13.810 | 0.029 | 0.084 | 0.045 | 0.024 | 0.017 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 0.037 | -0.040 | -0.011 | -0.001 | 0.192 | |
SL
|
RC
| 0.142 | 0.045 | -0.067 | -0.005 | 0.251 | 0.014 | 0.340 | 0.014 | 0.470 | 0.386 | 0.254 | 0.277 | 0.320 | 0.232 | 0.158 | -0.091 | 0.066 | 0.089 | 0.537 |
GC
| 0.022 | 0.015 | -0.019 | -0.002 | 0.061 | 0.001 | 9.636 | 0.002 | 0.129 | 0.039 | 0.013 | 0.050 | 0.061 | 0.065 | 0.014 | -0.033 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.193 | |
SZ
|
RC
| -0.084 | 0.028 | 0.075 | -0.010 | -0.002 | -0.120 | 0.252 | -0.240 | 0.190 | 0.191 | 0.035 | 0.241 | -0.101 | 0.016 | -0.050 | -0.117 | -0.022 | 0.024 | 0.491 |
GC
| -0.025 | 0.010 | 0.015 | -0.005 | -0.001 | -0.009 | 11.529 | -0.082 | 0.109 | 0.040 | 0.005 | 0.018 | -0.052 | 0.006 | -0.012 | -0.018 | -0.005 | 0.005 | 0.135 | |
TZ
|
RC
| 0.025 | 0.020 | -0.019 | 0.005 | 0.111 | -0.054 | 0.506 | -0.007 | 0.563 | 0.616 | 0.422 | 0.362 | 0.176 | 0.001 | 0.093 | -0.131 | -0.028 | 0.034 | 0.611 |
GC
| 0.006 | 0.007 | -0.005 | 0.003 | 0.036 | -0.005 | 10.678 | -0.005 | 0.066 | 0.037 | 0.025 | 0.040 | 0.035 | 0.000 | 0.016 | -0.033 | -0.006 | 0.007 | 0.144 | |
UG
|
RC
| 0.039 | 0.045 | -0.022 | 0.004 | 0.152 | -0.080 | 0.390 | -0.122 | 0.369 | 0.252 | -0.084 | 0.280 | 0.070 | 0.203 | 0.087 | -0.062 | -0.003 | -0.002 | 0.665 |
GC
| 0.008 | 0.014 | -0.005 | 0.002 | 0.041 | -0.009 | 12.008 | -0.071 | 0.112 | 0.037 | -0.027 | 0.028 | 0.017 | 0.051 | 0.012 | -0.016 | -0.001 | 0.000 | 0.132 | |
ZM
|
RC
| 0.101 | 0.028 | -0.066 | 0.000 | 0.190 | 0.003 | 0.447 | -0.229 | 0.335 | 0.525 | 0.196 | 0.259 | 0.132 | 0.082 | 0.226 | -0.119 | -0.047 | 0.011 | 0.533 |
GC
| 0.021 | 0.010 | -0.017 | 0.000 | 0.060 | 0.000 | 17.060 | -0.114 | 0.144 | 0.044 | 0.019 | 0.039 | 0.044 | 0.020 | 0.030 | -0.037 | -0.010 | 0.002 | 0.227 | |
ZW
|
RC
| 0.000 | 0.027 | -0.033 | -0.014 | 0.112 | -0.028 | 0.349 | -0.304 | 0.128 | 0.535 | 0.120 | 0.204 | -0.093 | 0.098 | 0.100 | -0.196 | -0.083 | -0.007 | 0.568 |
GC
| 0.000 | 0.010 | -0.008 | -0.007 | 0.037 | -0.003 | 8.513 | -0.083 | 0.091 | 0.032 | 0.022 | 0.028 | -0.043 | 0.019 | 0.021 | -0.021 | -0.016 | -0.001 | 0.171 |