Spine Bone Texture Assessed by Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) to Evaluate Bone Health in Thalassemia Major

Due to the increasing survival of thalassemic patients, osteopathy is a mounting clinical problem. Low bone mass alone cannot account for the high fracture risk described; impaired bone quality has been speculated but so far it cannot be demonstrated noninvasively. We studied bone quality in thalassemia major using trabecular bone score (TBS), a novel texture measurement extracted from spine dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), proposed in postmenopausal and secondary osteoporosis as an indirect index of microarchitecture. TBS was evaluated in 124 adult thalassemics (age range 19–56 years), followed-up with optimal transfusional and therapeutical regimens, and in 65 non-thalassemic patients (22–52 years) undergoing DXA for different bone diseases. TBS was lower in thalassemic patients (1.04 ± 0.12 [range 0.80–1.30]) versus controls (1.34 ± 0.11 [1.06–1.52]) (p < 0.001), and correlated with BMD. TBS and BMD values correlated with age, indicating that thalassemia negatively affects both bone quality and quantity, especially as the patient gets older. TBS was 1.02 ± 0.11 [0.80–1.28] in the osteoporotic thalassemic patients, 1.08 ± 0.12 [0.82–1.30] in the osteopenic ones and 1.15 ± 0.10 [0.96–1.26] in those with normal BMD. No gender differences were found (males: 1.02 ± 0.13 [0.80–1.30], females 1.05 ± 0.11 [0.80–1.30]), nor between patients with and without endocrine–metabolic disorders affecting bone metabolism. Our findings from a large population with thalassemia major show that TBS is a valuable tool to assess noninvasively bone quality, and it may be related to fragility fracture risk in thalassemic osteopathy.