Background
Methods
Design and study population
Clinical data and laboratory examinations
Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
Carotid and femoral imaging
Follow-up period and cardiovascular events
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline patient characteristics and study endpoints
CKD without diabetes N = 1747 | CKD with diabetes N = 698 | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender, male | 1047 (59.9%) | 461 (66.0%) | 0.006 |
CKD stage | < 0.001 | ||
CKD-3 | 662 (37.9%) | 288 (41.3%) | |
CKD-4/5 | 551 (31.5%) | 256 (36.7%) | |
RTT | 534 (30.6%) | 154 (22.1%) | |
Age [years] | 59.0 [48.0;67.0] | 65.0 [56.0;70.0] | < 0.001 |
Current smoker | 967 (55.4%) | 404 (57.9%) | 0.275 |
Hypertension | 1554 (89.0%) | 673 (96.4%) | < 0.001 |
25-OH vitamin D [ng/ml] | 15.4 [11.4;19.6] | 13.8 [10.4;18.5] | < 0.001 |
eGFR [ml/min per 1.73 m2] | 31.6 [20.9;44.3] | 31.7 [21.5;44.2] | 0.812 |
Glucose [mg/dl] | 92.0 [85.0;101] | 133 [108;164] | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol [mg/dl] | 177 [153;205] | 171 [143;197] | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol [mg/dl] | 48.0 [39.0;59.0] | 44.0 [36.0;53.9] | < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol [mg/dl] | 103 [82.0;123] | 92.0 [71.4;113] | < 0.001 |
non-HDL cholesterol [mg/dl] | 128 [105;153] | 122 [100;148] | 0.011 |
Triglycerides [mg/dl] | 118 [89.0;162] | 147 [103;205] | < 0.001 |
hsCRP [mg/dl] | 1.86 [0.90;4.17] | 2.58 [1.16;5.84] | < 0.001 |
Antidiabetic treatment | < 0.001 | ||
Diet | – | 166 (23.8%) | |
Oral hypoglycemic drugs | – | 164 (23.5%) | |
Insulin treatment | – | 368 (52.7%) | |
HbA1c [g/dl] | 5.40 [5.10;5.70] | 6.80 [6.10;7.80] | < 0.001 |
Albumin/creatinine ratio mg/g | 89.1 [11.2;384] | 149 [18.6;601] | 0.001 |
Pulse pressure [mmHg] | 56.0 [47.0;69.0] | 68.0 [54.0;81.0] | < 0.001 |
Antihypertensive treatment | 1506 (86.2%) | 650 (93.1%) | < 0.001 |
Lipid-lowering drugs | 975 (55.8%) | 465 (66.6%) | < 0.001 |
Number of plaques | 1.00 [0.00;3.00] | 3.00 [1.00;5.00] | < 0.001 |
Presence of any plaque | 1138 (65.1%) | 570 (81.7%) | < 0.001 |
Presence of carotid plaques | 901 (51.6%) | 502 (71.9%) | < 0.001 |
Carotid plaque [only] | 291 (16.7%) | 165 (23.6%) | < 0.001 |
Presence of femoral plaques | 847 (48.5%) | 405 (58.0%) | < 0.001 |
Femoral plaque [only] | 237 (13.6%) | 68 (9.74%) | 0.012 |
> 2 territories with plaque | 853 (48.8%) | 465 (66.6%) | < 0.001 |
Carotid and femoral plaques | 610 (34.9%) | 337 (48.3%) | < 0.001 |
Follow-up time [months] | 48.4 [27.1;52.0] | 48.3 [25.7;52.0] | 0.675 |
Factors associated with CVE
CKD without diabetes | CKD with diabetes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No CVE N = 1640 | CVE N = 107 | HR [95% CI] | p value* | No CVE N = 602 | CVE N = 96 | HR [95% CI] | p value* | |
Territories with plaque | 1.0 [0.0;3.0] | 3.0 [2.0;5.0] | 1.26 [1.18;1.35] | < 0.001 | 2.0 [1.0;5.0] | 4.0 [2.0;6.0] | 1.18 [1.09;1.27] | < 0.001 |
Presence of plaque | 1040 (63.4%) | 98 (91.6%) | 5.83 [2.95;11.54] | < 0.001 | 480 (79.7%) | 90 (93.8%) | 3.39 [1.48;7.75] | 0.004 |
Presence of carotid plaque | 815 (49.7%) | 86 (80.4%) | 3.80 [2.36;6.12] | < 0.001 | 418 (69.4%) | 84 (87.5%) | 2.86 [1.56;5.24] | 0.001 |
Carotid plaque [only] | 267 (16.3%) | 24 (22.4%) | 1.41 [0.90;2.22] | 0.137 | 143 (23.8%) | 22 (22.9%) | 0.92 [0.57;1.49] | 0.748 |
Presence of femoral plaque | 773 (47.1%) | 74 (69.2%) | 2.42 [1.60;3.64] | < 0.001 | 337 (56.0%) | 68 (70.8%) | 1.81 [1.17;2.82] | 0.008 |
Femoral plaque [only] | 225 (13.7%) | 12 (11.2%) | 0.83 [0.45;1.51] | 0.538 | 62 (10.3%) | 6 (6.25%) | 0.56 [0.25;1.29] | 0.173 |
> 2 territories with plaque | 772 (47.1%) | 81 (75.7%) | 3.26 [2.09;5.07] | < 0.001 | 382 (63.5%) | 83 (86.5%) | 3.35 [1.87;6.01] | < 0.001 |
Carotid and femoral plaque | 548 (33.4%) | 62 (57.9%) | 2.57 [1.75;3.78] | < 0.001 | 275 (45.7%) | 62 (64.6%) | 2.09 [1.37;3.17] | 0.001 |
CKD without diabetes | CKD with diabetes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR [95% CI] | p-value | HR [95% CI] | p-value | |
Age | 1.026 [1.003;1.049] | 0.024 | – | – |
Baseline PL [sq] | 1.862 [1.432;2.420] | < 0.001 | 1.782 [1.393;2.278] | < 0.001 |
25-OH vitamin D | 0.963 [0.933;0.994] | < 0.001 | – | – |
C-index (24 months) | 78.88 | 71.82 | ||
C-index (48 months) | 75.63 | 71.49 |