Background
Methods
Study design and search strategy
Eligibility, selection, and data extraction
Data analysis
Quality assessment
Results
Study selection
Quality assessment
Baseline characteristics
Author, year, country | Participants | Intervention | Time since diagnosis | Outcome | Baseline differences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Randomized controlled trials | |||||
Augestad et al., 2013, Norway[19] | Patients < 75 years curatively treated for colon cancer, Dukes’ stage A, B, or C (N = 110). Transfer of care approximately 3–4 weeks after surgery. | GP- (N = 55) versus surgeon-led survivorship care (N = 55). | 2 years | Clinical, patient-reported and costs | No significant differences. |
Women curatively treated for early-stage breast cancer I–III (N = 296). Transfer of care after mean 3.4 months (SD 1.8). | GP- (N = 148) versus hospital-based survivorship care (N = 148). | 18 months | Clinical, patient-reported and costs | Patients in the hospital-group were older (59.0 versus 55.6 years) and had more stage I tumors (50.6% versus 40.5%). | |
Grunfeld et al., 2006, UK[23] | Woman curatively treated for early-stage breast cancer I–III (N = 968). Transfer of care between 9 and 15 months after curative treatment. | FP- (N = 483) versus specialist-led survivorship care (N = 485). | 5 years | Clinical and patient-reported | No significant differences. |
Murchie et al., 2010, UK[24] | Patients curatively treated for primary cutaneous melanoma (N = 142). Transfer of care after median 49 months (IQR 19–76). | GP- (N = 53) versus hospital-based survivorship care (N = 89). | 1 year | Clinical and patient-reported | Patients in the GP-group lived further away to the hospital (27.6 miles (18.9–32.3) versus 10.1 (2.3–25.9)). |
Wattchow et al., 2006, Australia[25] | Patients curatively treated for colon cancer, Dukes’ stage A, B, or C (N = 203). Transfer of care approximately 4–6 weeks after surgery or chemotherapy. | GP- (N = 97) versus surgeon-led survivorship care (N = 106). | 2 years | Clinical and patient-reported | A trend towards higher levels of education was seen for patients in the surgeon-group (postsecondary school 22.5% versus 8.5%). |
(b) Observational studies | |||||
Baena-Canada et al., 2013, Spain[26] | Woman curatively treated for early stage breast cancer 0–III (N = 98). Transfer of care 5 years after primary treatment. | Primary care- (N = 60) versus hospital-based survivorship care (N = 38). | 10 years | Clinical, patient-reported and costs | Patients in the primary care-group were older (60 versus 38 year, p = 0.002) and received less chemotherapy (62% versus 87%, p = 0.001). |
Haggstrom et al., 2009, USA[27] | Colorectal cancer survivors (N = 416). Transfer of care unknown. | Comparison of physician specialty most often seen; no physician (N = 113), PCP (N = 50), oncologist (N = 183), surgeon (N = 29) or gastroenterologist (N = 41). | 1 year | Patient-reported | Patients were more inclined to receive care by a specialist if; stage III or IV disease (p = 0.03) and fewer comorbid medical conditions (p = 0.012). |
Maly et al., 2013, USA[28] | Low-income women aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with breast cancer stage 0–III (N = 579). Transfer of care unknown. | Comparison of physician specialty most often seen; PCP only (N = 40), specialist only (N = 100) or shared care (N = 439). | 36 months | Patient-reported | No baseline analyses. |
Mittmann et al., 2018, Canada[29] | Woman curatively treated for any stage of breast cancer (N = 5009). Transfer of care unknown. | PCP- (N = 2685) versus traditional cancer clinic–based survivorship care (N = 2324). | 25 months | Clinical and costs | No differences. |
Parry et al., 2015, UK[30] | Patients diagnosed with stable stage A0 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (N = 246). Transfer of care unknown (after second outpatient visit). | GP- (N = 105) versus hospital-based survivorship care (N = 141). | Median 66 months (IQR 49–94) in GP-group | Clinical | Patients in the GP-group were older (median age 71 versus 68, p = 0.02) and white cell count at diagnosis was higher (median 13.2 versus 10.4, p = 0.018). |
Railton et al., 2015, Canada[31] | Women aged ≥ 18 years treated for stage I–III invasive breast cancer (N = 240). Transfer of care after median 11.3 months (range 1.8–42.0). | PCP community- (N = 171) versus cancer center-based survivorship care (N = 69). | From 12 ≥ 48 months | Patient-reported | Patients in PCP-group were older (59.1% ≥ 50 years versus 39.1%, p = 0.005) and had more stage I disease stage (50.9% versus 37.7%, p = 0.01). |
Risendal et al., 2016, USA[32] | Woman curatively treated for breast cancer (N = 298). Transfer of care unknown. | PCP- (N = 94) versus oncologist-led survivorship care (N = 204). | Average 6.7 years (SD = 0.98) | Patient-reported | Patients in the PCP-group were older (26.6% ≥ 65 years versus 8.8%, p < 0.01) and more frequently had a lapse in insurance (22.6% versus 9.6%, p < 0.01) and in situ disease (33.0% versus 12.8%, p < 0.01). |
Samawi et al., 2018, Canada[33] | Patients aged ≥ 18 years who received at least one cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy after curative resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (N = 147). Transfer of care unknown. | PCP- (N = 50) versus cancer center-based survivorship care (N = 97). | 15 years | Clinical | Patients in the PCP-group had more T1/T2 tumors (38.0% versus 21.6%, p = 0.03). |
Peixoto et al., 2014, Canada[34] | Patient aged ≥ 18 years treated for non-metastatic gastroesophageal cancer with curative-intent (N = 292). Transfer of care unknown. | Comparison of 4 survivorship care strategies; discharge to GP (N = 89), care by oncologist with clinical assessments (N = 18), specialist care with laboratory investigations (N = 32), or specialist care with imaging or endoscopy (N = 153). | 3 years | Clinical | Patients were more inclined to receive care by a specialist if; gastroesophageal junction or gastric tumors (p = 0.001), primary lesions involving the distal esophagus (p = 0.001), specific histological subtypes (p = 0.008) and definitive chemoradiotherapy (p = 0.001). |
Clinical outcomes
Clinical | Ref. | Result |
---|---|---|
(a) Survival | ||
Overall survival (OS) | [30] | 69.5% (GP) versus 68.6% (hospital), p = 0.888. |
[33] | In multivariate analyses a HR of 0.81 (PCP), CI 0.49–1.35, p = 0.43. | |
[34] | Reported as a figure, p = 0.34, non-significance remained in multivariate analyses. | |
Relapse-free survival (RFS) | [30] | 83.0% (GP) versus 78.1% (hospital) remained asymptomatic. 17.0% (GP) versus 21.9% (hospital) needed treatment, p = 0.424. No differences were seen relating to the time to first treatment (p = 0.188). |
[33] | Patients in the PCP-group had longer RFS; in multivariate analyses a HR of 0.62 (PCP), CI 0.39–0.98, p = 0.041. Patients in the PCP-group were less likely to receive palliative chemotherapy for their relapse (34% versus 58%, p = 0.03). | |
[34] | Reported as a figure, p = 0.59, non-significance remained in multivariate analyses. | |
(b) Serious clinical events | ||
Recurrences and metastases | [19] | 6 recurrences (GP) versus 8 (hospital), mean time to diagnosis was 35 days (GP) versus 45 days (hospital), p = 0.46. |
[20] | 6.8% recurrences (GP) versus 10.8% (hospital), median time to diagnosis 22 days (GP) versus 21 days (hospital), median difference in time to diagnosis 1.5 days (range − 13 to 22). | |
[23] | 11.2% recurrences (FP) versus 13.2% (specialist), difference 2.02%, CI − 2.13–6.16%. | |
[24] | In both groups 1 diagnosis of recurrent melanoma. | |
[25] | Recurrence rate of 7.1 per 1000 months (GP) versus 8.0 (surgeon), p = 0.92, median time to detection was 9.5 (GP) versus 8.0 months (surgeon), p = 0.76. | |
[26] | 1.6% metastases (primary) versus 0% (hospital), p = 0.74. | |
Deaths | [23] | 6.0% death of any cause (FP) versus 6.2% (specialist), difference 0.18%, CI − 2.90–3.26. |
[25] | Death rate of 6.6 per 1000 months (GP) versus 5.4 (surgeon), p = 0.67, median time to death 31 (GP) versus 20 months (surgeon), p = 0.69. | |
[29] | 18.6% death of any cause (PCP) versus 20.3% (specialist), p = 0.7. | |
Other clinical events | [23] | Recurrence-related events (such as hypercalcemia or fracture); 3.5% (FP) versus 3.7% (specialist), difference 0.19%, CI − 2.26–2.65%. |
[24] | New primary tumors (1 new primary in both groups). | |
[26] | New primary tumor (5% (primary) versus 10.4% (hospital), p = 0.67), associated diseases (46.7% (primary) versus 60.5% (hospital), p = 0.21) and treatment effects (22.3% (primary) versus 21.1% (hospital), p = 0.79). | |
(c) Documented follow-up care | ||
Adherence to medical guidelines and follow-up tests | [24] | Patients who visited a GP were more likely to be seen according to guideline (98.1% versus 80.9%, p = 0.020). |
[25] | Patients in the GP-group were more likely to visit their physician (1.27 times per quarter versus 0.84 times) and to have one or more FOBTS (rate ratio 2.4, CI 1.4–4.4, p = 0.003). Patients in the surgeon group were more likely to have ultrasounds (rate ratio 0.5, CI 0.3–1.0, p = 0.040) and colonoscopies (rate ratio 0.7, CI 0.5–1.0, p = 0.027). No differences were seen relating to other surveillance tests, including CEA, X-ray and CT-scan. |
Patient-reported outcomes
Patient-reported | Ref. | Method | Result |
---|---|---|---|
(a) Quality of life (QoL) | |||
[19] | EORTC QLQ C-30, EuroQol-5D, and EQ VAS at baseline up to 24 months. | No differences in overall QoL, effects on subscales in favor of GP in role functioning (mean difference − 5.1 (CI − 9.7 to − 0.5), p = 0.02), emotional functioning (− 3.7 (CI − 6.8 to − 0.6), p = 0.01) and pain (4.5 (CI 0.8–8.2), p = 0.01). | |
[20] | SF-36 and EORTC QLQ C-30 at baseline, mid- and end-of-trial. | No differences on any subscale. | |
[23] | SF-36 at baseline up to 60 months. | No differences on any subscale. | |
[24] | SF-36 at baseline and 12 months. | No differences on any subscale. | |
[25] | SF-12 PCS and MCS scores at baseline, 12 and 24 months. | No differences on any subscale. | |
[26] | SF-36 (administered once more than 5 years after treatment). | No differences on any subscale after adjustment for age and chemotherapy. | |
(b) Symptoms | |||
Anxiety and depression | [20] | HADS at baseline, mid- and end-of-trial. | Anxiety scale difference 0.4 (CI − 0.3 to 1.2), depression scale difference 0.4 (CI − 0.2, to 1.1). |
[23] | HADS at baseline up to 60 months. | Reported as a figure; no differences. | |
[24] | HADS at baseline and 12 months. | 8 patients were diagnosed as anxious (GP) versus 13 (hospital) (p = 0.868), 3 patients as depressed (GP) versus 5 (hospital) (p = 0.912). | |
[25] | HADS at baseline, 12- and 24 months. | Median anxiety score 4.0, IQR 5.0 (GP) versus 5.0, IQR 4.5 (surgeon) (p = 0.106), median depression score 4.0, IQR 5.0 (GP) versus 3.0, IQR 4.0 (hospital) (p = 0.796). | |
Other bothersome symptoms | [31] | One-time structured telephone interview. | Patient who visited a PCP had less fatigue (62.0% versus 81.1%, p = 0.005). No differences for other symptoms (arthralgias, hot flashes, memory loss, vaginal dryness, insomnia, paresthesias and depression). |
(c) Patient satisfaction and perception of care | |||
[22] | Adapted satisfaction questionnaire at baseline, mid-, and end of trial (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.70). | Patients who visited a GP had greater satisfaction on 9 out of 15 aspects (relating to service delivery, consultation and continuity of care). | |
[24] | Patient questionnaire at baseline and 12 months (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.70). | Patient who visited a GP had greater satisfaction on 6 out of 15 aspects (relating to service delivery, consultation and continuity of care), the mean score was 26.4, CI 24.9–27.9 (GP), versus 33.5, CI 32.5–34.4 (hospital), the change in mean summary score was −5.96, CI − 8.09–3.89 (GP), versus 0.29, CI − 1.49–2.08 (hospital), indicating higher satisfaction with GP (p < 0.001). | |
[25] | PSVQ at 24 months (previously validated). | No differences on any subscale. | |
[26] | Questionnaire (administered once, more than 5 years after treatment, Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.88). | Patients who visited a specialist had greater satisfaction on all 6 dimensions; health care attention (p = 0.001), attention by medical (p = 0.006) and nursing personnel (p = 0.016), recommendation of service (p = 0.019), information provision (p = 0.003) and respect/friendliness (p = 0.008). | |
[27] | Adapted patient questionnaire on perceptions of follow-up 2–5 years after diagnosis. | No differences in communication, coordination, nursing care, office staff and follow-up rating; non-significance remained in multivariate regression. | |
[32] | Computer-aided telephone interview on perception of follow-up. | Women who visited an oncologist reported a marginally higher degree of care coordination (81.9% versus 73.1%, OR 1.8, CI 1.0–3.5). | |
(d) Self-reported receipt of survivorship care | |||
Adherence to medical guidelines and follow-up tests | [27] | Patient questionnaire on visits, tests and examinations 2–5 years after diagnosis. | The number of visits in the past year varied by physician specialty (p < 0.001). Patients in the PCP-group were less likely to see a doctor for “follow-up medical tests” (68% versus 89%, p < 0.001) and more likely to receive a physical examination (58% versus 36%, p = 0.004). PCPs more often helped with lifestyle improvements (83% versus 63%, p = 0.015) and discussed diet (70% versus 48%, p = 0.005). |
[28] | Patient survey on receipt of preventive care at baseline, 6, 18 and 36 months after diagnosis. | Patients who visited a PCP only were more like to receive a Pap smear (AOR 2.90, CI 1.05–8.04, p = 0.040) and colonoscopy (AOR 2.99, CI 1.5–8.51, p = 0.041). No differences were seen in receipt of mammogram (p = 0.109). | |
[31] | One-time structured telephone interview on receipt of follow-up. | Patients who visited a PCP had fewer clinical examinations (85.6% versus 95.7%, p = 0.04), no differences were seen in accessing physician for examination, receipt of mammograms, having an endocrine therapy plan, psychosocial and sexual health, lifestyle management or need for assistance with follow-up goals. | |
[32] | Computer-aided telephone interview on receipt of follow-up. | Patients who visited a PCP were less likely to receive a clinical breast exam (79.6% versus 90.2%, OR 2.5, CI 1.2–5.5). No differences were seen in receipt of mammogram, X-ray, scans, physical exam or education about breast self-exam. Women who visited an oncologist reported more tumor marker (OR 3.0, CI 1.5–5.8) and other blood tests (OR 2.0, CI 1.1–3.5). |
Costs
Costs | Ref. | Method | Result |
---|---|---|---|
(a) Societal costs | |||
[19] | Cost- and utilization questionnaire filled in by patients at baseline up to 24 months (including visits, tests and events such as metastases). | Mean cost of follow-up per patient per follow-up cycle was £292 (GP) versus £351 (surgeon), p = 0.02. Mean societal cost per patient for 24 months follow-up was £8233, range £7904 to £8619 (GP), versus £9889, range £9569 to £10,194 (surgeon), mean difference in favor of GP £1656, p < 0.001. | |
[21] | Record-of-visit form filled in by doctors at baseline up to 18 months (including visits and tests). | Mean total cost per patient for 18 months follow-up was £64.7, range £5.8–301.9 (GP) versus £195.1, range £62.0–737.4 (surgeon), mean difference £130.4 (range £–149.1;–111.6) in favor of GP, p < 0.001. Difference mainly due to mean cost of visit (mean cost £40.9, range £5.8–143.8 (GP), versus £174.1, range 62.0–558.0 (surgeon)). | |
[26] | Direct costs based on a single national database (Consejería de Salud, Junta de Andalucía) (including visits and tests). | Total cost of follow-up per patient per year was mean €112.86, SD 77.54 (primary care), versus mean €184.61, SD 85.87 (hospital), p = 0.0001. Difference mainly due to costs per visit (mean €17.46, SD 8.62 (primary), versus mean €60.32, SD 21.19 (hospital), p < 0.001). | |
[29] | Direct costs based on multiple national databases (including visits, tests, medication and events such as hospitalization). | Mean annual total cost per survivor was CAD $6575, CI $5563 to $7587 (PCP) versus $10,832, CI $9947 to $11,717 (specialist), resulting in $4257, CI $2928 to $5587, lower annual cost (39.3% reduction) per survivor in the PCP group. A 22.1% reduction in overall median annual costs ($2261 versus $2903) was seen. Main cost drivers included hospitalization, physician visits, medications, and home care. The PCP group had lower mean annual costs for same-day surgery, cancer clinic visits, physician visits, medications, long-term care, and home care. | |
(b) Patient costs | |||
[19] | Cost- and utilization questionnaire filled in by patients at baseline up to 24 months (including travel, out-of-pocket expenses and work loss). | More patients had expenses relating to travel in the hospital-group (£156.9 versus £76.7, p < 0.001). No differences were seen relating to out-of-pocket expenses (p = 0.10) or work loss (p = 0.45). | |
[21] | Cost-questionnaire filled in by patients at baseline up to 18 months (including travel, out-of-pocket expenses, work loss, child support and spent time for an appointment). | Patients in the GP-group were more frequently in paid employment (47.8% versus 31.0%, p = 0.023), walked to their appointment (32.4% versus 1.6%, p = 0.000), spent less time getting to their appointment (13.1 min (SD 8.3) versus 26.7 (SD 15.9)), spent more time during the appointment (52.6 min (SD 22.1) versus 82.2 (SD 31.8)). Patients in the hospital-group took more time off work (61.1% versus 32.3%, p = 0.006) and had more out-of-pocket expenses (including parking fare, 11.0% versus 2.4%, p = 0.008). No differences were seen in the proportion of patients losing wages (p = 0.24) or in need of child care (p = 0.06). |