Background
Methods
Establishment and maintenance of pure colony of Anopheles stephensi
Wild Anopheles stephensi larvae collection and maintenance
Approvals for the study
Collection of Plasmodium vivax infected blood
Mosquito infection experiments
Mosquito dissections, microscopy and parasite counting
Statistics
Results
Establishment of Anopheles stephensi colony
Plasmodium vivax oocyst production in wild versus laboratory-colonized An. stephensi
Experiment no. | Gametocytaemia | Wild mosquitoes | Colonized mosquitoes | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. dissected | No. positive | Oocyst range | Average oocyst no. | Oocyst infection rate (%) | No. dissected | No. positive | Oocyst range | Average oocyst no. | Oocyst infection rate (%) | ||
1 | 0.03 | 27 | 7 | 1–3 | 0.33 | 25.9 | 27 | 3 | 1–4 | 0.29 | 11.1 |
2 | 0.56 | 23 | 14 | 0–13 | 2.5 | 61 | 23 | 18 | 0–14 | 3.7 | 78.2 |
3 | 0.09 | 26 | 26 | 4–195 | 65.9 | 100 | 26 | 24 | 0–175 | 55.2 | 92.3 |
4 | 0.04 | 34 | 16 | 0–83 | 4.2 | 47 | 34 | 9 | 0–3 | 0.35 | 26.4 |
5 | 0.13 | 25 | 22 | 0–15 | 4.9 | 88 | 25 | 10 | 0–5 | 0.68 | 40 |
6 | 0.58 | 20 | 17 | 0–215 | 95.8 | 85 | 20 | 20 | 25–210 | 94.5 | 100 |
7 | 0.23 | 20 | 18 | 0–40 | 15.7 | 90 | 20 | 18 | 0–30 | 11.3 | 90 |
8 | 0.18 | 20 | 17 | 0–185 | 79.2 | 85 | 20 | 20 | 10–192 | 96.5 | 100 |
9 | 0.05 | 20 | 18 | 0–22 | 7.6 | 90 | 20 | 19 | 0–24 | 11.5 | 95 |
10 | 0.14 | 20 | 16 | 0–50 | 10.5 | 80 | 20 | 16 | 0–65 | 18 | 80 |
11 | 0.31 | 20 | 4 | 0–1 | 0.2 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0–0 | 0 | 0 |
12 | 0.19 | 21 | 2 | 0–2 | 0.14 | 9.5 | 21 | 1 | 1 | 0.05 | 4.7 |
13 | 0.15 | 20 | 7 | 0–4 | 0.75 | 35 | 20 | 2 | 0–4 | 0.25 | 10 |
14 | 0.16 | 20 | 14 | 0–8 | 2.3 | 70 | 20 | 12 | 0–15 | 2.1 | 60 |
15 | 0.06 | 20 | 6 | 0–2 | 0.35 | 30 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 0.05 | 5 |
16 | 0.11 | 20 | 17 | 0–85 | 35.4 | 85 | 20 | 19 | 0–68 | 30 | 95 |
17 | 0.14 | 20 | 20 | 22–102 | 54.8 | 100 | 20 | 19 | 0–75 | 38.6 | 95 |
18 | 0.05 | 20 | 10 | 0–9 | 1.8 | 50 | 20 | 9 | 0–5 | 1.3 | 45 |
19 | 0.02 | 21 | 4 | 0–3 | 0.3 | 19 | 21 | 6 | 0–12 | 0.95 | 28.5 |
20 | 0.03 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
21 | 0.06 | 5 | 5 | 1–9 | 3.4 | 100 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 1.6 | 20 |
22 | 0.09 | 18 | 13 | 0–12 | 3 | 72.2 | 18 | 9 | 0–7 | 1.3 | 50 |
23 | 0.04 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
24 | 0.03 | 25 | 22 | 0–35 | 9.6 | 88 | 25 | 14 | 0–22 | 4.3 | 56 |
25 | 0.08 | 20 | 11 | 0-8 | 1.4 | 55 | 20 | 11 | 0–3 | 0.95 | 55 |
26 | 0.14 | 20 | 20 | 1–127 | 41.7 | 100 | 20 | 16 | 0–55 | 21.3 | 80 |
27 | 0.12 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 0.05 | 5 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
28 | 0.17 | 12 | 12 | 21–105 | 57.9 | 100 | 12 | 12 | 1–85 | 46.5 | 100 |
29 | 0.29 | 20 | 5 | 0–4 | 0.55 | 25 | 20 | 2 | 0–5 | 0.35 | 10 |
30 | 0.27 | 17 | 17 | 13–165 | 55.4 | 100 | 17 | 17 | 4–89 | 44.7 | 100 |
31 | 0.09 | 20 | 19 | 0–42 | 8.3 | 95 | 20 | 19 | 0–25 | 6.6 | 95 |
32 | 0.3 | 15 | 15 | 21–145 | 70.5 | 100 | 15 | 15 | 1–132 | 67.2 | 100 |
Sporozoite infection in wild and colonized Anopheles stephensi
Experiment no. | Gametocytaemia | Wild mosquitoes | Colonized mosquitoes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. dissected | No. positive | Sporozoite infection rate (%) | Gland index | No. dissected | No. positive | Sporozoite infection rate (%) | Gland index | ||
3 | 0.097 | 21 | 20 | 95.2 | 4+ (12), 3+ (8) | 21 | 21 | 100 | 4+ (6), 3+ (15) |
5 | 0.136 | 20 | 11 | 55 | 4+ (1), 3+ (7), 2+ (2), 1+ (1) | 20 | 4 | 20 | 3+ (4) |
6 | 0.585 | 12 | 11 | 91.6 | 4+ (2), 3+ (10) | 12 | 12 | 100 | 4+ (3), 3+ (8), 2+ (1) |
7 | 0.235 | 21 | 19 | 90.4 | 4+ (3), 3+ (15), 1+ (1) | 21 | 16 | 76.1 | 4+ (1), 3+ (10), 2+ (4), 1+ (1) |
8 | 0.18 | 20 | 17 | 85 | 4+ (7), 3+ (9), 2+ (1) | 20 | 18 | 90 | 4+ (3), 3+ (9), 2+ (5), 1+ (1) |
9 | 0.058 | 20 | 17 | 85 | 4+ (2), 3+ (7), 2+ (7), 1+ (1) | 20 | 20 | 100 | 3+ (10), 2+ (10) |
10 | 0.143 | 21 | 15 | 71.4 | 3+ (8), 2+ (7) | 21 | 17 | 80.9 | 3+ (6), 2+ (8), 1+ (3) |
11 | 0.3195 | 4 | 0 | 0 | – | 4 | 0 | 0 | – |
12 | 0.198 | 20 | 0 | 0 | – | 20 | 0 | 0 | – |
14 | 0.16 | 8 | 3 | 37.5 | 2+ (3) | 8 | 0 | 0 | – |
15 | 0.06 | 20 | 5 | 25 | 3+ (1), 2+ (4) | 20 | 0 | 0 | – |
16 | 0.115 | 18 | 18 | 100 | 4+ (12), 3+ (5), 2+ (1) | 18 | 17 | 94.4 | 4+ (5), 3+ (11), 2+ (1) |
17 | 0.145 | 22 | 20 | 90.9 | 4+ (11), 3+ (9) | 22 | 21 | 95.4 | 4+ (5), 3+ (13), 2+ (3) |
18 | 0.055 | 13 | 3 | 23 | 2+ (3) | 13 | 11 | 84.6 | 3+ (1), 2+ (8), 1+ (2) |
20 | 0.037 | 8 | 0 | 0 | – | 8 | 0 | 0 | – |
21 | 0.0625 | 24 | 19 | 79.1 | 4+ (1), 3+ (3), 2+ (6), 1+ (9) | 24 | 14 | 58.3 | 2+ (10), 1+ (4) |
22 | 0.095 | 22 | 20 | 90.9 | 4+ (1), 3+ (3), 2+ (13), 1+ (3) | 22 | 16 | 72.7 | 4+ (1), 3+ (1), 2+ (7), 1+ (7) |
23 | 0.040 | 16 | 3 | 18.7 | 2+ (2), 1+ (1) | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
25 | 0.088 | 20 | 16 | 80 | 3+ (4), 2+ (11), 1+ (1), | 20 | 10 | 50 | 3+ (1), 2+ (7), 1+ (2) |
26 | 0.141 | 13 | 12 | 92.3 | 4+ (1), 3+ (9), 2+ (1), 1+ (1) | 13 | 12 | 92.3 | 3+ (7), 2+ (2), 1+ (3) |
27 | 0.122 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
28 | 0.176 | 13 | 13 | 100 | 4+ (8), 3+ (5) | 13 | 12 | 92.3 | 4+ (4), 3+ (6), 2+ (2) |
29 | 0.295 | 21 | 1 | 4.7 | 1+ (1) | 21 | 2 | 9.5 | 2+ (1), 1+ (1) |
30 | 0.274 | 13 | 12 | 92.3 | 4+ (4), 3+ (5), 2+ (3) | 13 | 10 | 76.9 | 4+ (2), 3+ (6), 2+ (1), 1+ (1) |
31 | 0.092 | 20 | 18 | 90 | 4+ (3), 3+ (6), 2+ (8), 1+ (1) | 20 | 18 | 90 | 3+ (4), 2+ (11), 1+ (3), |
32 | 0.3 | 15 | 12 | 80 | 2+ (7), 1+ (5) | 15 | 8 | 53.3 | 2+ (7), 1+ (1) |
Sporozoite load (gland index) | Wild mosquitoes | Colonized mosquitoes |
---|---|---|
1+ | 25 | 29 |
2+ | 79 | 88 |
3+ | 112 | 114 |
4+ | 68 | 30 |