Introduction
Material and methods
Experimental approach
Cell culture
Sirt1 activity
Sirt3 activity
AMPK activity
Fatty acid oxidation
Animals and Diet
Oxygen consumption/substrate utilization
microPET/CT - measurement of tissue glucose and palmitate uptake
Calculation of visceral adipose volume (mm3)
HOMAIR
ROS/oxidative stress
Inflammatory markers and cytokines
Statistics
Results
Control | Low Resveratrol1 | High Resveratrol2 | Low HMB3 | Low Resv/ Low HMB | Low Resv/ High HMB4 | Low Resv/Leucine5 | P -value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (g)
| 40.5 ± 0.5a | 40.8 ± 2.5a | 38.7 ± 1.2a | 40.3 ± 2.1a | 36.2 ± 3.2b | 34.4 ± 1.1b | 38.3 ± 2.3b | p < 0.05 |
Weight gain (g)
| 22.4 ± 1.1a | 20.9 ± 1.5a | 22.3 ± 2.4a | 22.5 ± 1.2a | 18.2 ± 1.2b | 19.2 ± 1.0b | 19.2 ± 1.6b | p < 0.01 |
Visceral Adipose Volume (mm
3
)
| 6556 ± 143a | 6551 ± 575a | 6031 ± 323a | 6184 ± 460a | 5302 ± 324b | 4879 ± 243b | 4259 ± 321b | p < 0.01 |
PET palmitate uptake (Muscle SUV)
| 1.34 ± 0.15a | 1.51 ± 0.44a | 2.29 ± 0.11b | 1.90 ± 0.29b | 2.09 ± 0.30b | 1.97 ± 0.28b | 1.76 ± 0.09a,b | p < 0.05 |
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (24 hr RER)
| 0.850 ± 0.008a | 0.847 ± 0.008a | 0.825 ± 0.007b | 0.844 ± 0.012a | 0.815 ± 007b | 0.818 ± 0.09b | 0.811 ± 0.010b | p < 0.01 |
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (Light Cycle)
| 0.822 ± 0.013a | 0.818 ± 0.010a | 0.803 ± 0.009b | 0.826 ± 0.011a | 0.800 ± 0.010b | 0.811 ± 0.009ab | 0.799 ± 0.011b | p < 0.05 |
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (Dark Cycle)
| 0.877 ± 0.016a | 0.876 ± 0.013a | 0.847 ± 0.011b | 0.862 ± 0.009a | 0.830 ± 0.012b | 0.825 ± 0.014b | 0.824 ± 0.016b | p < 0.02 |
Heat Production (kcal/h)
| 0.521 ± 0.015a | 0.517 ± 0.014a | 0.552 ± 0.015b | 0.526 ± 0.011a | 0.544 ± 0.010b | 0.547 ± 0.009b | 0.550 ± 0.012b | p < 0.05 |
Heat Production (kcal/h/kg weight)
| 12.86 ± 0.40 a | 12.67 ± 0.32 a | 14.26 ± 0.38 b | 13.05 ± 0.27 a | 15.03 ± 0.28 b | 15.90 ± 0.23 b | 14.36 ± 0.33 b | P < 0.03 |
24 h Food intake (day 0 of treatment) (g)
| 3.291 ± 0.362 | 2.931 ± 0.285 | 3.064 ± 0.406 | 3.524 ± 0.241 | 2.810 ± 0.167 | 3.070 ± 0.319 | 3.174 ± 0.345 | NS |
24 h Food intake (end of 6-weeks) (g)
| 3.872 ± 0.346 | 4.065 ± 0.263 | 3.598 ± 0.230 | 3.651 ± 0.331 | 3.720 ± 0.257 | 3.794 ± 0.220 | 3.504 ± 0.280 | NS |
Control | Low Resveratrol1 | High Resveratrol2 | Low HMB3 | Low Resv/ Low HMB | Low Resv/ High HMB4 | Low Resv/Leucine5 | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mM)
| 4.97 ± 0.60 | 5.14 ± 0.85 | 5.14 ± 0.75 | 4.28 ± 0.49 | 4.67 ± 0.49 | 4.33 ± 0.41 | 5.05 ± 0.92 | NS |
Insulin (μU/mL)
| 12.5 ± 3.4a | 10.4 ± 1.6a | 10.1 ± 2.7a | 8.3 ± 1.1a | 5.8 ± 0.7b | 3.9 ± 1.2b | 5.5 ± 1.4b | P < 0.005 |
HOMA
IR
| 2.61 ± 0.82a | 2.41 ± 0.66a | 0.59 ± 0.26b | 1.93 ± 0.32a | 1.18 ± 0.25c | 0.87 ± 0.31b | 1.14 ± 0.37c | P < 0.01 |
Muscle Glucose Uptake (
18
FDG SUV)
| 3.64 ± 0.88a | 3.63 ± 1.29a | 3.87 ± 0.32a | 2.99 ± 0.42a | 5.90 ± 0.41b | 5.93 ± 1.63b | 5.68 ± 0.75b | P < 0.02 |
Control | Low Resveratrol1 | High Resveratrol2 | Low HMB3 | Low Resv/Low HMB | Low Resv/High HMB4 | Low Resv/Leucine5 | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-reactive protein (ng/mL)
| 95.6 ± 9.6a | 134.8 ± 8.5a | 123.9 ± 35.3a | 98.6 ± 5.1a | 67.4 ± 12.2b | 58.3 ± 12.4b | 55.9 ± 17.7b | P < 0.01 |
IL-6 (pg/mL)
| 29.0 ± 6.4a | 23.2 ± 2.9a | 14.1 ± 1.3b | 19.9 ± 3.1a | 6.9 ± 1.2c | 4.5 ± 2.6c | 11.2 ± 4.1b | P < 0.005 |
MCP-1 (pg/mL)
| 115.8 ± 19.7a | 104.4 ± 16.5a | 27.3 ± 6.8b | 116.8 ± 9.3a | 24.2 ± 6.2b | 15.2 ± 3.7b | 34.9 ± 5.9b | P < 0.001 |
Adiponectin (ng/mL)
| 11.0 ± 0.9a | 12.4 ± 1.1a | 14.8 ± 1.8b | 11.1 ± 1.6a | 14.1 ± 0.8b | 16.3 ± 3.0b | 14.5 ± 1.0b | P < 0.03 |