Background
Element of well-being | Diener 2010 [17] | Huppert 2013 [18] | Seligman 2012 [19] | Tennant 2007 [20] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Self-acceptance | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Competence | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Relationships | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Presence of positive affect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Meaning | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Optimism | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Engagement | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Contribution to well-being of others | Yes | Yes | ||
Purpose in life | Yes | |||
Absence of negative affect | Yes | |||
Life satisfaction | Yes | |||
Emotional stability | Yes | |||
Resilience | Yes | |||
Vitality/energy | Yes | Yes | ||
Accomplishment | Yes | |||
Cheerfulness | Yes | |||
Relaxation | Yes | |||
Clear thinking | Yes | |||
Personal development | Yes | |||
Autonomy | Yes |
Methods
Population | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome | Study design |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary care doctors working alone, in group practices and healthcare teams in any country | Any (psychosocial) intervention or combination of interventions developed to improve any element or combination of elements of well-being. | No intervention or usual support and care | Primary: all well-being outcomes related to any of the 20 aspects of well-being identified in Table 1 or combinations thereof including improvement in mental illness, measures of stress, anxiety, depression, addiction and burnout | Randomised controlled trials including cluster randomised trials |
Non-randomised controlled trials | ||||
Controlled before-and-after trials | ||||
Interrupted time series trials | ||||
Secondary: physiological outcome measures of improvement in well-being, e.g. cortisol. |
Population
Intervention
Comparators
Outcome measures
Outcome measured | Instrument |
---|---|
Mental well-being | Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale [20] |
Diener’s Flourishing Scale [17] | |
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) [34] | |
Physician Job Satisfaction Scale [35] | |
Burnout | Maslach’s Burnout Inventory [36] |
Psychological distress | Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) [37] |
Distress sub-scale of Symptom Checklist Rev (SCL-R) [38] | |
Anxiety | Depression Anxiety Distress Scale [39] |
Brief Symptom Inventory [40] | |
Anxiety sub-scale of SCL-R | |
Depression | Beck’s Depression Inventory [41] |
Brief Symptom Inventory | |
Depression sub-scale of SCL-R | |
Center for Epidemiology Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale [42] | |
DASS | |
Empathy | Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) [43] |
Jefferson’s Scale Physician Empathy [44] | |
Mindfulness | Freiberg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) [45] |
Quality of life | WHOQOL [46] |
Study design
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○ 1. Clearly not relevant—will be recorded as ‘not relevant’
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○ 2. Do not meet all inclusion criteria—reasons will be recorded for this group
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Identification features—number, author, title and country of origin
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Study characteristics—aims/objectives, design, recruitment and unit of allocation
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Participant characteristics—age and gender
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Intervention—setting and description of intervention including control, duration, theoretical basis and format
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Outcome/results—for each outcome, the definition, measurement tool, unit of measurement and length of follow-up