Introduction
Materials and methods
Design
Overview of the “Siempre” teleconsultation program
Variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | Diabetes Mellitus | |
---|---|---|
Type 1, n = 117 | Type 2, n = 546 | |
Age, years* | 20 (15–32) | 67 (58–75) |
Time since diabetes diagnosis, years* | 8 (3–15) | 9 (3–15) |
Area of residence (%) | ||
Urban | 81 (69.2) | 443 (81.1) |
Rural | 4 (3.4) | 17 (3.1) |
History of hypertension (%) | 8 (6.8) | 315 (57.6) |
Microvascular and macrovascular complications (%) | ||
No | 94 (80.34) | 348 (63.73) |
Yes | 18 (15.38) | 174 (31.86) |
Chronic kidney disease | 13 (11.11) | 76 (13.91) |
Neuropathy | 11 (9.40) | 37 (6.77) |
Retinopathy | 9 (7.69) | 42 (7.69) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 1 (0.85) | 16 (2.93) |
Coronary artery disease | 0 | 72 (13.18) |
Antidiabetic drugs (%) | ||
No | 0 | 33 (6.04) |
Yes | 117 (100) | 512 (93.77) |
Metformin | 8 (6.83) | 379 (69.41) |
Sulfonylureas | 0 | 12 (2.19) |
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors | 4 (3.41) | 204 (37.36) |
Insulin | 110 (94.01) | 176 (32.23) |
GLP-1 analog | 7 (6) | 67 (12.27) |
Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors | 13 (11.1) | 198 (36.2) |
Variable | Diabetes Mellitus | |
---|---|---|
Type 1, n = 117 | Type 2, n = 546 | |
Time between the first and last teleconsultation | ||
< 6 months | 19 (16,2) | 99 (18,1) |
≥ 6 months | 52 (44,4) | 217 (39,7) |
ND (Patients with only one teleconsultation evaluation) | 46 (39,3) | 230 (42,1) |
Glycosylated hemoglobin, %* | ||
First teleconsultation | 7.7 (7-8.7) | 6.6 (6.1–7.3) |
Last teleconsultation | 7.5 (7-8.67) | 6.6 (6.1–7.3) |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL* | ||
First teleconsultation | 99 (82–122) | 82 (59–116) |
Last teleconsultation | 102 (75–123) | 77 (57–103) |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL* | ||
First teleconsultation | 62 (49–73) | 45 (37–53) |
Last teleconsultation | 56 (50–70) | 45 (38–53) |
Triglycerides, mg/dL* | ||
First teleconsultation | 86.5 (57–112) | 140 (104–189) |
Last teleconsultation | 88 (62–100) | 133 (96–163) |
Creatinine, mg/dL* | ||
First teleconsultation | 0.745 (0.6–0.92) | 0.865 (0.7–1.06) |
Last teleconsultation | 0.8 (0.73–0.93) | 0.89 (0.76–1.08) |
Microalbuminuria, mg/L* | ||
First teleconsultation | 5.2 (3-16.5) | 7.5 (3.6–28) |
Last teleconsultation | 10.2 (4.4–19.5) | 10 (4.4–31) |
Type 2 Diabetes | First Teleconsultation | Last teleconsultation | p value | n |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glycosylated hemoglobin, %* | ||||
< 6 months | 6.7 (6.3–7.2) | 6.6 (6.1–7.3) | 0.353 | 67 |
≥ 6 months | 6.6 (6.1–7.3) | 6.5 (6-7.4) | 0.858 | 189 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL* | ||||
< 6 months | 87 (61–111) | 81 (59–101) | 0.242 | 45 |
≥ 6 months | 80.5 (59–112) | 76.8 (57.5–100) | 0.053 | 148 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL* | ||||
< 6 months | 42.5 (38–50) | 42.5 (38–50) | 0.688 | 42 |
≥ 6 months | 46 (38–53) | 46 (37–53) | 0.135 | 133 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL* | ||||
< 6 months | 141 (117–211) | 134 (106–173) | 0.317 | 47 |
≥ 6 months | 142.5 (106-191.5) | 135.5 (90.5–166) | < 0.001 | 144 |
Creatinine, mg/dL* | ||||
< 6 months | 0.95 (0.715–1.16) | 0.915 (0.74–1.24) | 0.981 | 44 |
≥ 6 months | 0.84 (0.71–1.07) | 0.89 (0.76–1.08) | < 0.001 | 131 |
Microalbuminuria, mg/L* | ||||
< 6 months | 6.9 (5.2–11) | 5.4 (4.4–13.8) | 0.678 | 9 |
≥ 6 months | 13.5 (7.6–43) | 15 (7.15-60) | 0.269 | 32 |
Type 1 Diabetes | First Teleconsultation | Last Teleconsultation | p-value | n |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glycosylated hemoglobin, %* | ||||
< 6 months | 8.3 (6.9–10) | 7.7 (7-10.1) | 0.363 | 15 |
≥ 6 months | 7.7 (7.12–8.5) | 7.5 (7-8.5) | 0.345 | 42 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL* | ||||
< 6 months | 97 (74–120) | 97 (87–107) | 1 | 2 |
≥ 6 months | 74 (58–89) | 72 (61–77) | 0.964 | 11 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL* | ||||
< 6 months | 46.5 (39–54) | 56.5 (54–59) | 0.180 | 2 |
≥ 6 months | 66 (59–76) | 63.5 (50–70) | 0.240 | 10 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL* | ||||
< 6 months | 114 (108–120) | 78 (60–96) | 0.180 | 2 |
≥ 6 months | 88 (57–106) | 90 (65–135) | 0.197 | 11 |
Creatinine, mg/dL* | ||||
< 6 months | 1 (0.64–1.08) | 0.93 (0.73–1.13) | 0.500 | 5 |
≥ 6 months | 0.765 (0.675-0.9) | 0.8 (0.735–0.875) | 0.724 | 12 |
Microalbuminuria, mg/L* | ||||
< 6 months | 24.75 (17.5–32) | 12 (12–12) | 0.180 | 2 |
≥ 6 months | 4.85 (2.55–14.5) | 4.8 (4.4-14.05) | 0.854 | 4 |
Variable | Diabetes Mellitus | |
---|---|---|
Type 1, n = 117 | Type 2, n = 546 | |
Hypoglycemia (%)
| ||
Yes | 36 (30,8) | 32 (5,9) |
No | 78 (66,7) | 370 (67,8) |
ND | 3 (2,6) | 144 (26,4) |
Admission to the emergency room (%)
| ||
Yes | 4 (3,4) | 5 (0,9) |
No | 108 (92,3) | 502 (91,9) |
ND | 5 (4,3) | 39 (7,1) |
Need for hospitalization (%)
| ||
Yes | 1 (0,9) | 4 (0,7) |
No | 111 (94,9) | 504 (92,3) |
ND | 5 (4,3) | 38 (7) |
Mortality (%)
| ||
Yes | 0 | 1 (0,2) |
No | 112 (95,7) | 509 (93,2) |
ND | 5 (4,3) | 36 (6,6) |