Introduction
Materials and methods
Database search
Criteria for eligibility and selection of articles
Quality assessment of included articles
Data extraction
Results
Database search results and included articles
Quality assessment
Types of immobilizers and subjects described in included articles
Group | Device name | Reference | Subjects | Direction | MRP (%) | SD (%) | MIL (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group A: cervical devices | |||||||
A1: soft collar (4 types in 58 volunteers) | Soft collar | Johnson [17]a
|
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 26 | (–/–) 15 | (–/–) 11 |
Lateral bending | 8 | 17 | −9 | ||||
Rotation | 17 | 10 | 7 | ||||
Soft collar | Hammacher [13]a
|
N = 16 | (Flexion/extension) total | (57/57) – | (35/14) – | (22/43) – | |
Lateral bending | 35 | 34 | 1 | ||||
Rotation | 35 | 17 | 18 | ||||
Soft collar | Bell [16] |
N = 12 | (Flexion/extension) total | (23/22) – | (23/42) – | (1/20) – | |
Lateral bending | 20 | 17 | 3 | ||||
Rotation | 33 | 16 | 17 | ||||
Soft collar | Miller [19] |
N = 10 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 26 | (–/–) 10 | (–/–) 16 | |
Lateral bending | 26 | 5 | 21 | ||||
Rotation | 29 | 10 | 19 | ||||
A2: rigid cervical collar | No studies available | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Group B: cervico-high- and low thoracic devices | |||||||
B1: cervico-high thoracic devices (9 types in 48 volunteers) | Aspen brace | Gavin [12]a
|
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (69/52) – | (10/19) – | (59/33) – |
Lateral bending | – | – | – | ||||
Rotation | – | – | – | ||||
Aspen brace | Hughes [14] |
N = 15 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 68 | (–/–) 16 | (–/–) 52 | |
Lateral bending | 52 | 27 | 25 | ||||
Rotation | 59 | 19 | 40 | ||||
Aspen brace | Zhang [15] |
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (80/63) – | (18/19) – | (62/44) – | |
Lateral bending | 41 | 16 | 25 | ||||
Rotation | 67 | 15 | 52 | ||||
C-Breeze | Zhang [15] |
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (83/61) – | (13/20) – | (70/41) – | |
Lateral bending | 45 | 16 | 29 | ||||
Rotation | 70 | 12 | 58 | ||||
Miami J | Bell [16] |
N = 12 | (Flexion/extension) total | (87/77) – | (8/13) – | (79/64) – | |
Lateral bending | 51 | 25 | 26 | ||||
Rotation | 68 | 18 | 50 | ||||
Miami J | Gavin [12]a
|
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (60/54) – | (13/15) – | (47/39) – | |
Lateral bending | – | – | – | ||||
Rotation | – | – | – | ||||
Miami J | Zhang [15] |
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (85/66) – | (14/20) – | (71/46) – | |
Lateral bending | 38 | 17 | 21 | ||||
Rotation | 65 | 15 | 50 | ||||
Necloc | Hammacher [13]a
|
N = 16 | (Flexion/extension) total | (30/96) – | (33/8) – | (−3/88) – | |
Lateral bending | 63 | 33 | 30 | ||||
Rotation | 76 | 9 | 67 | ||||
Philadelphia | Johnson [22] |
N = 17 | (Flexion/extension) total | (71/34) – | (9/21) – | (62/13) – | |
Lateral bending | 34 | 21 | 13 | ||||
Rotation | 76 | 13 | 63 | ||||
Stifneck | Chandler [18] |
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 57 | (–/–) 11 | (–/–) 46 | |
Lateral bending | 48 | 23 | 25 | ||||
Rotation | 48 | 24 | 24 | ||||
Stifneck | Chi [1] |
N = 18 | (Flexion/extension) total | (77/77) – | (11/9) – | (66/68) – | |
Lateral bending | 63 | 14 | 49 | ||||
Rotation | 73 | 10 | 63 | ||||
Stifneck | Hammacher [13]a
|
N = 16 | (Flexion/extension) total | (43/94) – | (34/8) – | (9/86) – | |
Lateral bending | 66 | 14 | 52 | ||||
Rotation | 79 | 11 | 68 | ||||
Stifneck | Holla [7] |
N = 10 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 52 | (–/–) 11 | (–/–) 41 | |
Lateral bending | 48 | 8 | 40 | ||||
Rotation | 66 | 9 | 57 | ||||
Vertebrace | Hammacher [13]a
|
N = 16 | (Flexion/extension) total | (50/95) – | (34/4) – | (16/91) – | |
Lateral bending | 65 | 27 | 38 | ||||
Rotation | 74 | 11 | 63 | ||||
Vista Collar | Miller [19] |
N = 10 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 54 | (–/–) 7 | (–/–) 47 | |
Lateral bending | 35 | 6 | 29 | ||||
Rotation | 59 | 5 | 54 | ||||
XTW | Zhang [15] |
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (67/78) – | (16/17) – | (62/50) – | |
Lateral bending | 46 | 17 | 29 | ||||
Rotation | 68 | 14 | 54 | ||||
B2: cervico-low thoracic devices (7 types in 140 volunteers) | Aspen 2-post CTO | Gavin [12]a
|
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (84/61) – | (8/17) – | (76/44) – |
Lateral bending | – | – | – | ||||
Rotation | – | – | – | ||||
Aspen 4-post CTO | Gavin [12]a
|
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (88/80) – | (6/13) – | (82/67) – | |
Lateral bending | – | – | – | ||||
Rotation | – | – | – | ||||
Cervico-thoracic brace n.o.s. | Johnson [22] |
N = 27 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 87 | (–/–) 8 | (–/–) 79 | |
Lateral bending | 49 | 18 | 31 | ||||
Rotation | 82 | 8 | 74 | ||||
Four poster | Johnson [22] |
N = 27 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 79 | (–/–) 14 | (–/–) 65 | |
Lateral bending | 54 | 19 | 35 | ||||
Rotation | 33 | 10 | 23 | ||||
Miami J with chest extension | Bell [16] |
N = 12 | (Flexion/extension) total | (90/80) – | (9/10) – | (81/70) – | |
Lateral bending | 65 | 17 | 48 | ||||
Rotation | 76 | 13 | 63 | ||||
SOMI | Bell [16] |
N = 12 | (Flexion/extension) total | (93/76) – | (5/12) – | (88/64) – | |
Lateral bending | 59 | 16 | 43 | ||||
Rotation | 86 | 4 | 82 | ||||
SOMI | Johnson [22] |
N = 22 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 72 | (–/–) 15 | (–/–) 57 | |
Lateral bending | 34 | 21 | 13 | ||||
Rotation | 66 | 14 | 52 | ||||
Yale | Johnson [22] |
N = 17 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 87 | (–/–) 13 | (–/–) 74 | |
Lateral bending | 61 | 22 | 39 | ||||
Rotation | 25 | 10 | 15 | ||||
Group C: cranial devices | |||||||
C1: cranial traction | No studies available | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Group D: cranio-thoracic devices for non-ambulatory patients | |||||||
D1: backboard with sandbags and tape | Backboard with sandbags | Hamilton [21] |
N = 26 | (Flexion/extension) total | (83/72) – | (10/31) – | (73/41) – |
Lateral bending | 84 | 7 | 77 | ||||
Rotation | 89 | 5 | 84 | ||||
D2: backboard with head blocks | Backboard with head blocks | Holla [6] |
N = 10 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 95 | (–/–) 5 | (–/–) 90 |
Lateral bending | 88 | 10 | 78 | ||||
Rotation | 95 | 3 | 92 | ||||
D3: shaped mattress | Vacuum splint | Hamilton [21] |
N = 26 | (Flexion/extension) total | (91/65) – | (7/18) – | (84/47) – |
Lateral bending | 88 | 9 | 79 | ||||
Rotation | 90 | 6 | 84 | ||||
Group E: cranio-thoracic devices for ambulatory patients | |||||||
E1: vest without scull pins (3 types in 26 volunteers) | Non-invasive halo | Bell [16] |
N = 12 | (Flexion/extension) total | (94/80) – | (4/10) – | (90/70) – |
Lateral bending | 97 | 3 | 94 | ||||
Rotation | 99 | 1 | 98 | ||||
Ammerman halo | Chandler [18] |
N = 20 | (Flexion/extension) total | (–/–) 81 | (–/–) 12 | (–/–) 69 | |
Lateral bending | 82 | 11 | 71 | ||||
Rotation | 90 | 9 | 81 | ||||
Minerva | Sharpe [20] |
N = 16 | (Flexion/extension) total | (78/78) – | (8/10) – | (70/68) – | |
Lateral bending | 51 | 19 | 32 | ||||
Rotation | 88 | 4 | 84 | ||||
E2: vest with scull pins | No studies available | – | – | – | – | – | – |