Introduction
Methods
Participants
n | Demographic information | |
---|---|---|
Age at BMI measurement | 3160 | 9.80 (0.34) |
Age at MRI measurement | 3160 | 10.13 (0.59) |
BMI-SDS (range − 3.82 to 3.31) | 3160 | 0.26 (1.02) |
BMI ≤ -1.3 SDS | 168 | 5.3% |
BMI ≥ 1.3 SDS | 528 | 16.7% |
IQ (M, SD) | 2738 | 102.9 (14.83) |
Sex | ||
Girl | 1590 | 50.3% |
Boy | 1570 | 49.7% |
Handedness | ||
Right | 2751 | 92.3% |
Left | 315 | 10.5% |
Missing | 95 | 3.2% |
Ethnicity of the mother | ||
Dutch | 1796 | 56.8% |
Other Western | 378 | 12.0% |
Non-Western | 919 | 29.1% |
Missing | 67 | 2.1% |
Education Level of the mother | ||
High | 1541 | 48.9% |
Middle | 1174 | 37.2% |
Low | 187 | 5.9% |
Missing | 258 | 8.2% |
Alcohol use of the mother | ||
Never drank in pregnancy | 1045 | 33.0% |
Drank until pregnancy was known | 367 | 11.6% |
Continued to drink in pregnancy occasionally | 969 | 30.7% |
Continued to drink in pregnancy frequentlya | 246 | 7.8% |
Missing | 533 | 16.9% |
Smoking of the mother | ||
Never smoked during pregnancy | 2138 | 67.7% |
Smoked until pregnancy was known | 246 | 7.8% |
Continued smoking in pregnancy | 370 | 11.7% |
Missing | 406 | 12.8% |
CBCL mother report | 2686 | 16.88 (14.83) |
Measures
Body Mass Index
MRI data acquisition
Image processing and quality assessment
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographics
Continuous Measures of BMI-SDS with global (mean lGI) and local Gyrification (lGI)
Measurement | Model | Factor | B for BMI-SDS | SE | t value | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean local Gyrification Index | Model 1 | |||||
Intercept | 3.23 | 0.028 | 116.17 | < 2 × 1016** | ||
BMI-SDS2 | − 0.006 | 0.001 | − 5.32 | 0.0000001** | ||
Model 2 | ||||||
Intercept | 3.13 | 0.031 | 102.44 | < 2 × 1016** | ||
BMI-SDS2 | − 0.003 | 0.001 | − 2.98 | 0.0029* | ||
Model 3 | ||||||
Intercept | 3.14 | 0.031 | 102.40 | < 2 × 1016** | ||
BMI-SDS2 | − 0.003 | 0.001 | − 2.86 | 0. 0042* |
Weight status | Model | Hemisphere | Anatomical region | Area size (mm2) | MNI | Cluster-wise unstandarized Beta coefficient | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x | y | z | ||||||
Low | Model 1 | |||||||
RH | Paracentral | 711.51 | 10.5 | − 8.5 | 41.2 | 0.023 | ||
LH | Posterior cingulate | 761.95 | − 18.3 | − 31.6 | 39.7 | 0.027 | ||
High | Model 1 | |||||||
RH | Rostral middle frontal | 32,427.06 | 23.0 | 59.9 | 5.6 | − 0.043 | ||
Precuneus | 3026.13 | 25.7 | − 60.7 | 7.5 | − 0.037 | |||
Paracentral | 1092.04 | 7.8 | − 29.2 | 50.5 | − 0.023 | |||
LH | Precentral | 30,457.85 | − 60.1 | − 9.2 | 15.3 | − 0.053 | ||
Rostral middle frontal | 7049.75 | − 21.3 | 55.3 | 5.9 | − 0.023 | |||
Model 2 | RH | Rostral middle frontal | 1605.64 | 36.8 | 49.0 | − 28.7 | − 0.024 | |
Middle temporal | 1249.96 | 65.2 | − 28.6 | − 13.9 | − 0.045 | |||
Temporal pole | 380.94 | 33.6 | 3.0 | − 9.3 | − 0.021 | |||
LH | Precentral | 4248.58 | − 59.6 | − 10.0 | 32.6 | − 0.045 | ||
Superior temporal | 797.47 | − 60.0 | − 8.0 | − 1.5 | − 0.053 | |||
Superior temporal | 350.82 | − 54.5 | − 30.7 | − 0.9 | − 0.053 | |||
Model 3 | RH | Rostral middle frontal | 1581.90 | 36.8 | 49.0 | − 9.3 | − 0.024 | |
Middle temporal | 1175.52 | 65.2 | − 28.6 | − 13.9 | − 0.045 | |||
Temporal pole | 377.33 | 33.9 | 2.8 | − 28.3 | − 0.021 | |||
LH | Postcentral | 4018.12 | − 59.6 | − 10.0 | 32.6 | − 0.045 | ||
Superior temporal | 692.87 | − 60.0 | − 8.0 | − 1.5 | − 0.053 | |||
Model 4 | LH | Postcentral | 362.73 | − 59.6 | − 10.0 | 32.6 | − 0.035 |
Continuous measures of BMI-SDS with global and local cortical thickness
Model | Factor | B | SE | t value | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | |||||
Intercept | 2.82 | 0.024 | 117.29 | < 2 × 10–16** | |
BMI-SDS | 0.005 | 0.001 | 3.06 | 0.00008** | |
Model 2 | |||||
Intercept | 2.86 | 0.027 | 105.35 | < 2 × 10–16** | |
BMI-SDS | 0.006 | 0.001 | 4.68 | 0.000003** | |
Model 3 | |||||
Intercept | 2.86 | 0.027 | 105.00 | < 2 × 10–16** | |
BMI-SDS | 0.006 | 0.001 | 4.68 | 0.000003** |