Background
Methods
Study design and setting
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admission to hospital within two weeks of injury;
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involvement in a motor vehicle crash;
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age 18 years or over; and
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one or more upper or lower extremity fracture (humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, acetabulum, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, talus, calcaneus).
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dementia or a significant pre-existing cognitive impairment preventing the ability to consent;
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spinal cord injury;
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Glasgow Coma Score <12 on admission;
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amputation of a limb; or
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isolated phalangeal, carpal, metacarpal, tarsal or metatarsal fractures.
Injury related factors
Socio-demographic factors
Health related factors
Compensation related measures
Health status outcome measures
Data analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Variable | No. | Claim made (n = 179) | No claim made (n = 115) |
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), Mean (SD) | 294 | 41.3 (16.0) | 39.7 (16.7) | 0.42 |
Injury Severity Score, No. (%) | 0.62 | |||
Minor - moderate 1-8 | 294 | 44 (24.6) | 31 (27.0) | |
Serious 9-15 | 105 (58.7) | 61 (53.0) | ||
Severe - critical 16-75 | 30 (16.8) | 23 (20.0) | ||
New Injury Severity Score, No. (%) | 294 | 0.49 | ||
Minor- moderate 1-8 | 34 (19.0) | 25 (21.7) | ||
Serious 9-15 | 67 (37.4) | 48 (41.7) | ||
Severe - critical 16-75 | 78 (43.6) | 42 (36.5) | ||
Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (IRSD)a, Mean (SD) | 294 | 969 (149) | 990 (149) | 0.23 |
Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (IRSD)a, No. (%) | 294 | 0.09 | ||
Most disadvantaged | 53 (29.6) | 28 (24.3) | ||
Disadvantaged | 17 (9.5) | 6 (5.2) | ||
Average | 37 (20.7) | 17 (14.8) | ||
Advantaged | 37 (20.7) | 38 (33.0) | ||
Most advantaged | 35 (19.5) | 26 (22.6) | ||
Male, No. (%) | 294 | 120 (67.0) | 90 (78.3) | 0.04 |
Marital status, No. (%) | 293 | 0.34 | ||
Single | 58 (32.4) | 46 (40.4) | ||
Married/de facto | 103 (57.5) | 56 (49.1) | ||
Divorced/widowed/separated | 18 (10.1) | 12 (10.5) | ||
Education skill levelb, No. (%) | 291 | 0.06 | ||
Bachelor degree and above | 36 (20.1) | 17 (15.0) | ||
Certificate and advanced diploma | 66 (36.9) | 53 (46.9) | ||
Secondary education | 65 (36.3) | 42 (37.2) | ||
Pre-primary and primary education | 11 (6.1) | 1 (0.9) | ||
Occupation skill levelb, No. (%) | 294 | 0.24 | ||
Home duties/retired | 15 (8.4) | 6 (5.2) | ||
Managers/administrators/ professionals/associate professionals | 39 (21.8) | 31 (27.0) | ||
Tradespersons/advanced clerical and service workers | 50 (27.9) | 42 (36.5) | ||
Intermediate clerical/sale/service production/transport workers | 28 (15.6) | 14 (12.2) | ||
Elementary clerical/sales/service/labourers/related workers | 47 (26.3) | 22 (19.1) | ||
Work status before injury (working), No. (%) | 292 | 140 (78.2) | 91 (80.5) | 0.64 |
Work level before injury (full duties), No. (%) | 231 | 133 (95.0) | 89 (97.8) | 0.28 |
Work hours before injuryc (full time), No. (%) | 227 | 105 (76.8) | 80 (88.9) | 0.02 |
Pre-injury job satisfactiond (satisfied), No. (%) | 231 | 136 (97.1) | 84 (92.3) | 0.09 |
Recovery expectations for worke (yes), No. (%) | 229 | 125 (89.9) | 85 (94.4) | 0.23 |
Recovery expectations for usual activitiese (days), No. (%) | 278 | 0.37 | ||
≤90 | 104 (60.5) | 74 (69.8) | ||
91-180 | 37 (21.5) | 20 (18.9) | ||
181-365 | 24 (14) | 10 (9.4) | ||
≥366 | 7 (4.1) | 2 (1.9) | ||
Language other than English (yes), No. (%) | 294 | 72 (40.0) | 32 (27.8) | 0.03 |
Total yearly household incomef (before tax, AUD) excluding number of people in household, No. (%) | 270 | 0.47 | ||
≤$39,999 | 42 (25.5) | 22 (21.0) | ||
$40,000-$79,999 | 55 (33.3) | 32 (30.5) | ||
≥$80,000 | 68 (41.2) | 51 (48.6) | ||
Total adjusted yearly household incomef (before tax, AUD) including number of people in household, No. (%) | 270 | 0.32 | ||
≤$39,999 | 97 (58.8) | 58 (55.2) | ||
$40,000-$79,999 | 54 (32.7) | 32 (30.5) | ||
≥$80,000 | 14 (8.5) | 15 (14.3) | ||
Body Mass Index (BMI)g (kg/m2), No. (%) | 292 | 0.07 | ||
<18.50 (underweight) | 4 (2.3) | 3 (2.6) | ||
18.50-24.99 (normal) | 49 (27.7) | 47 (40.9) | ||
≥25.00 (overweight) | 78 (44.1) | 35 (30.4) | ||
≥30.00 (obese) | 46 (26.0) | 30 (26.1) | ||
Smoking history, No. (%) | 293 | 0.23 | ||
Current smoker | 34 (19.1) | 28 (24.3) | ||
Ex-smoker | 47 (26.4) | 36 (31.3) | ||
Never smoked | 97 (54.5) | 51 (44.3) | ||
Self-reported chronic illnesses (yes), No. (%) | 294 | 71 (39.7) | 37 (32.2) | 0.19 |
Medication use (current), No. (%) | 293 | 52 (29.2) | 32 (27.8) | 0.80 |
Recent injury other than crash (yes), No. (%) | 292 | 7 (3.9) | 5 (4.4) | 0.85 |
Alcohol use in the past yearg, No. (%) | 294 | 0.23 | ||
Never | 37 (20.7) | 18 (15.7) | ||
≤1/month | 45 (25.1) | 20 (17.4) | ||
2-4 times/month | 42 (23.5) | 30 (26.1) | ||
2-3 times/week | 32 (17.9) | 24 (20.9) | ||
≥4 times/week | 23 (12.8) | 23 (20.0) | ||
Alcohol use in the past yearh (standard drinksi on a typical day when you were drinking), Median (Min.- Max.) | 293 | 2.0 (0.0-33.0) | 3.0 (0.0-35.0) | 0.05 |
Alcohol use in the past yearh (≥6 standard drinksi/occasion), No. (%) | 294 | 0.15 | ||
Never | 84 (46.9) | 39 (33.9) | ||
Less than monthly | 47 (26.3) | 34 (29.6) | ||
Monthly | 16 (8.9) | 14 (12.2) | ||
Weekly | 27 (15.1) | 20 (17.4) | ||
Daily or almost daily | 5 (2.8) | 8 (7.0) | ||
Risk of long term harm due to alcohol consumptionj(standard drinksi/week), No. (%) | 293 | 0.17 | ||
Low risk - ≤28 male or ≤14 female | 172 (96.1) | 104 (91.2) | ||
Risky - 29–42 male or 15–28 female | 4 (2.2) | 4 (3.5) | ||
High risk - ≥43 male or ≥29 female | 3 (1.7) | 6 (5.3) | ||
Risk of short term harm due to alcohol consumptionj (yes), No. (%) | 294 | 95 (53.1) | 76 (66.1) | 0.03 |
Self-reported at fault (yes), No. (%) | 293 | 33 (18.5) | 72 (62.6) | <0.001 |
Vehicle type, No. (%) | 294 | 0.02 | ||
Motor vehicle | 111 (62.0) | 52 (45.2) | ||
Motorcycle | 61 (34.1) | 58 (50.4) | ||
Bicycle | 7 (3.9) | 5 (4.3) | ||
Pre-morbid neck pain in last 6 months (yes), No. (%) | 294 | 6 (3.4) | 9 (7.8) | 0.09 |
Post-morbid neck pain (yes), No. (%) | 294 | 38 (21.2) | 21 (18.3) | 0.54 |
Crash on a public road (yes), No. (%) | 294 | 170 (95.0) | 96 (83.5) | 0.001 |
Self-assessed pre-injury health statusk, No. (%) | 294 | 0.06 | ||
Excellent | 55 (30.7) | 35 (30.4) | ||
Very good | 72 (40.2) | 41 (35.7) | ||
Good | 46 (25.7) | 26 (22.6) | ||
Fair-Poor | 6 (3.4) | 13 (11.3) |
Participation at six months | Participation at 12 months | Participation at 24 months | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Yesa (n = 301) | No (n = 151) |
P
| Yesa (n = 271) | No (n = 181) |
P
| Yesa (n = 230) | No (n = 222) |
p
|
Age (years), Mean (SD) | 41.2 (16.5) | 36.5 (17.8) | 0.006 | 41.8 (16.9) | 36.5 (16.8) | 0.001 | 42.7 (16.6) | 36.5 (17.1) | <0.001 |
Marital status, No. (%) | 0.001 | 0.068 | 0.002 | ||||||
Single | 107 (35.7) | 80 (53.7) | 100 (37.3) | 87 (48.1) | 77 (33.9) | 110 (49.5) | |||
Married/defacto | 162 (54.0) | 54 (36.2) | 140 (52.2) | 76 (42.0) | 127 (55.9) | 89 (40.1) | |||
Divorced/widowed | 31 (10.3) | 15 (10.1) | 28 (10.4) | 18 (9.9) | 23 (10.1) | 23 (10.4) | |||
Occupation skill levelb, No. (%) | 0.029 | 0.180 | 0.023 | ||||||
Home duties/retired | 22 (7.3) | 17 (11.3) | 22 (8.1) | 17 (9.4) | 19 (8.3) | 20 (9.0) | |||
Managers/professionals | 71 (23.6) | 27 (17.9) | 66 (24.4) | 32 (17.7) | 60 (26.1) | 38 (17.1) | |||
Tradespersons | 93 (30.9) | 33 (21.9) | 81 (29.9) | 45 (24.9) | 71 (30.9) | 55 (24.8) | |||
Intermediate clerical | 43 (14.3) | 21 (13.9) | 35 (12.9) | 29 (16.0) | 27 (11.7) | 37 (16.7) | |||
Elementary related | 72 (23.9) | 53 (35.1) | 67 (24.7) | 58 (32.0) | 53 (23.0) | 72 (32.4) | |||
Work status before injury (working), No. (%) | 233 (77.9) | 101 (66.9) | 0.011 | 210 (78.1) | 124 (68.5) | 0.023 | 182 (79.9) | 152 (68.5) | 0.006 |
Total yearly household incomecNo. (%) | 0.018 | 0.080 | 0.153 | ||||||
≤$39,999 | 68 (24.5) | 47 (35.1) | 64 (25.3) | 51 (32.3) | 52 (24.1) | 63 (32.3) | |||
$40,000-$79,999 | 89 (32.1) | 47 (35.1) | 80 (31.6) | 56 (35.4) | 73 (33.8) | 63 (32.3) | |||
≥$80,000 | 120 (43.3) | 40 (29.9) | 109 (43.1) | 51 (32.3) | 91 (42.1) | 69 (35.4) | |||
Smoking history, No. (%) | <0.001 | 0.020 | 0.008 | ||||||
Current smoker | 64 (21.3) | 61 (40.7) | 62 (23.0) | 63 (35.0) | 49 (21.4) | 76 (34.4) | |||
Ex-smoker | 86 (28.7) | 33 (22.0) | 76 (28.1) | 43 (23.9) | 68 (29.7) | 51 (23.1) | |||
Never smoked | 150 (50.0) | 56 (37.3) | 132 (48.9) | 74 (41.1) | 112 (48.9) | 94 (42.5) | |||
Medication use (current), No. (%) | 89 (29.7) | 32 (21.2) | 0.055 | 85 (31.5) | 36 (19.9) | 0.006 | 73 (31.9) | 48 (21.6) | 0.014 |
Recovery expectations for usual activitiesd (days), No. (%) | 0.072 | 0.899 | 0.367 | ||||||
≤90 | 184 (64.4) | 83 (59.7) | 155 (60.5) | 112 (66.7) | 131 (60.4) | 136 (65.7) | |||
91-180 | 58 (20.4) | 36 (25.9) | 58 (22.7) | 36 (21.4) | 49 (22.6) | 45 (21.7) | |||
181-365 | 34 (11.9) | 11 (7.9) | 34 (13.3) | 11 (6.5) | 31 (14.3) | 14 (6.8) | |||
≥366 | 9 (3.2) | 9 (6.5) | 9 (3.5) | 9 (5.4) | 6 (2.8) | 12 (5.8) | |||
Vehicle type, No. (%) | 0.002 | 0.006 | 0.005 | ||||||
Motor vehicle | 169 (56.1) | 102 (67.5) | 155 (57.2) | 116 (64.1) | 129 (56.1) | 142 (64.0) | |||
Motorcycle | 120 (39.9) | 37 (24.5) | 107 (39.5) | 50 (27.6) | 94 (40.9) | 63 (28.4) | |||
Bicycle | 12 (4.0) | 12 (7.9) | 9 (3.3) | 15 (8.3) | 7 (3.0) | 17 (7.7) |
Influence of claim status on injury recovery over time
Health status measure | Mean difference (SE) | 95 % CI |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
SF-36v2 PCSb
| −2.97 (0.89) | −4.73, −1.22 | 0.001 |
SF-36v2 MCSb
| −3.44 (1.11) | −5.62, −1.26 | 0.002 |
PCL-Cc
| 3.42 (1.31) | 0.87, 5.99 | 0.009 |
GRCb
| −0.66 (0.25) | −1.15, −0.17 | 0.009 |
Health status measure | 6-12 months | 12-24 months | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean difference (SE) | 95 % CI |
p
| Mean difference (SE) | 95 % CI |
p
| |
SF-36v2 PCSb
| −2.38 (0.88) | −4.11, 0.64 | 0.007 | −2.62 (0.96) | −4.51, −0.73 | 0.007 |
SF-36v2 MCSb
| −2.32 (1.10) | −4.48, −0.16 | 0.032 | −1.88 (1.19) | −4.22, 0.47 | 0.116 |
PCL-Cc
| 2.06 (1.30) | −0.50, 4.61 | 0.114 | 2.10 (1.41) | −0.66, 4.86 | 0.136 |
GRCb
| −0.74 (0.25) | −1.23, −0.26 | 0.003 | −0.22 (0.27) | −0.75, 0.31 | 0.415 |
Health status measure | No compensation claim | Compensation claim | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | 95 % CI | Mean (SE) | 95 % CI | |
SF36v2-PCSb
| ||||
6 months | 42.88 (1.77) | 39.40, 46.36 | 40.90 (1.73) | 37.51, 44.28 |
12 months | 46.04 (1.87) | 42.37, 49.71 | 42.50 (1.77) | 39.03, 45.97 |
24 months | 48.59 (1.92) | 44.82, 52.36 | 45.19 (1.81) | 41.64, 48.74 |
SF36v2-MCSb
| ||||
6 months | 40.70 (2.00) | 36.77, 44.63 | 34.01 (2.14) | 29.80, 38.21 |
12 months | 42.17 (2.12) | 38.01, 46.34 | 37.24 (2.18) | 32.95, 41.53 |
24 months | 43.12 (2.17) | 38.86, 47.39 | 40.06 (2.24) | 35.66, 44.45 |
PCL-Cb
| ||||
6 months | 39.91 (2.57) | 34.87, 44.95 | 44.01 (2.51) | 39.09, 48.92 |
12 months | 38.12 (2.71) | 32.80, 43.43 | 41.68 (2.56) | 36.66, 46.70 |
24 months | 36.50 (2.79) | 31.03, 41.97 | 39.10 (2.62) | 33.96, 44.25 |
GRCb
| ||||
6 months | −1.27 (0.50) | −2.25, −0.30 | −2.00 (0.48) | −2.95, −1.05 |
12 months | −0.52 (0.53) | −1.55, 0.51 | −1.26 (0.49) | −2.23, −0.29 |
24 months | −0.42 (0.54) | −1.48, 0.64 | −0.93 (0.51) | −1.92, 0.07 |