Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design
Study population
Assessment of TyG index
Assessment of CVD
Assessment of covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of study participants
TyG index | All participants | Quartile 1 (6.72–8.34) | Quartile 2 (8.34–8.73) | Quartile 3 (8.73–9.15) | Quartile 4 (9.15–12.55) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 69.80 (0.24) | 69.63 (0.22) | 70.07 (0.27) | 70.09 (0.21) | 69.42 (0.22) | 0.05 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.98 (0.01) | 0.95 (0.01) | 0.97 (0.01) | 0.98 (0.02) | 1.02 (0.02) | 0.01 |
Serum uric acid (umol/L) | 339.92 (1.58) | 315.41 (2.69) | 331.66 (2.57) | 348.60 (2.76) | 356.94 (3.94) | < 0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 194.30 (0.82) | 185.78 (1.42) | 194.49 (1.39) | 195.73 (1.64) | 201.95 (1.62) | < 0.0001 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 111.76 (0.71) | 104.55 (1.16) | 112.54 (1.38) | 114.24 (1.24) | 116.23 (1.44) | < 0.0001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 130.66 (1.69) | 63.75 (0.57) | 99.09 (0.57) | 137.44 (0.93) | 230.07 (3.46) | < 0.0001 |
Fast glucose (mg/dl) | 114.88 (0.60) | 100.43 (0.54) | 106.08 (0.70) | 114.25 (0.77) | 140.63 (1.75) | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.94 (0.02) | 5.60 (0.02) | 5.75 (0.02) | 5.95 (0.03) | 6.52 (0.06) | < 0.0001 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 29.04 (0.13) | 26.86 (0.22) | 28.23 (0.21) | 30.01 (0.22) | 31.26 (0.24) | < 0.0001 |
ACR (mg/g) | 56.41 (4.50) | 33.80 (5.19) | 44.85 (5.05) | 51.81 (10.23) | 98.13 (12.50) | < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 73.63 (0.30) | 75.68 (0.62) | 73.66 (0.66) | 72.79 (0.55) | 72.25 (0.64) | 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.93 (0.38) | 128.06 (0.74) | 130.82 (0.63) | 131.56 (0.71) | 133.58 (0.68) | < 0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 66.92 (0.28) | 66.46 (0.43) | 67.17 (0.50) | 66.59 (0.47) | 67.50 (0.44) | 0.20 |
TyG index | 8.75 (0.12) | 8.03 (0.11) | 8.54 (0.12) | 8.93 (0.11) | 9.57 (0.12) | < 0.0001 |
Gender, % (SE) | 0.81 | |||||
Female | 54.68 (1.76) | 55.48 (1.71) | 55.29 (1.53) | 54.62 (1.67) | 53.24 (1.81) | |
Male | 45.32 (1.76) | 44.52 (1.71) | 44.71 (1.53) | 45.38 (1.67) | 46.76 (1.81) | |
Races, % (SE) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Mexican American | 3.96 (0.43) | 2.18 (0.36) | 3.99 (0.53) | 4.71 (0.60) | 5.09 (0.68) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 8.08 (0.85) | 12.75 (0.99) | 8.40 (0.74) | 5.67 (0.54) | 5.15 (0.56) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 78.92 (1.52) | 77.70 (1.55) | 78.22 (1.50) | 79.73 (1.30) | 80.13 (1.39) | |
Others | 9.05 (0.94) | 7.38 (0.92) | 9.39 (0.98) | 9.90 (0.92) | 9.63 (0.97) | |
Educational levels, % (SE) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Less than 9th grade | 9.19 (0.89) | 6.67 (0.62) | 9.30 (0.84) | 9.47 (0.94) | 11.56 (0.92) | |
9-11th grade | 10.93 (1.13) | 10.15 (0.95) | 10.06 (0.95) | 11.71 (1.13) | 11.89 (1.13) | |
High school graduate | 25.52 (1.72) | 22.77 (1.64) | 24.37 (1.51) | 26.30 (1.55) | 28.93 (1.68) | |
Some college or AA degree | 27.64 (1.71) | 25.81 (1.67) | 29.94 (1.65) | 26.62 (2.00) | 28.32 (1.75) | |
College graduate or above | 26.71 (1.95) | 34.61 (2.03) | 26.32 (1.86) | 25.89 (2.04) | 19.31 (1.45) | |
PIR,% (SE) | < 0.0001 | |||||
< 1 | 8.58 (0.88) | 8.36 (0.82) | 8.82 (0.89) | 10.57 (1.03) | 9.83 (0.80) | |
1–4 | 50.86 (1.92) | 49.73 (2.40) | 55.69 (1.83) | 57.18 (1.99) | 60.27 (1.88) | |
> 4 | 32.01 (2.18) | 41.91 (2.58) | 35.49 (1.90) | 32.25 (2.16) | 29.90 (1.91) | |
BMI, % (SE) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Normal weight | 26.13 (1.87) | 42.19 (2.06) | 29.67 (1.81) | 19.89 (1.40) | 12.87 (1.08) | |
Overweight | 35.47 (1.92) | 36.12 (1.85) | 38.85 (1.93) | 35.94 (1.74) | 32.97 (1.47) | |
Obesity | 36.89 (1.52) | 21.69 (1.42) | 31.47 (1.53) | 44.17 (1.85) | 54.17 (1.57) | |
Smoke, % (SE) | 0.05 | |||||
Never | 48.28 (1.95) | 49.32 (2.02) | 50.43 (1.85) | 50.20 (1.62) | 43.05 (1.78) | |
Former | 40.45 (1.84) | 40.83 (1.87) | 38.99 (1.78) | 37.08 (1.48) | 45.25 (1.77) | |
Now | 11.18 (1.24) | 9.84 (1.00) | 10.59 (1.18) | 12.72 (1.08) | 11.70 (1.36) | |
Alcohol use, % (SE) | 70.24 (1.55) | 72.53 (1.48) | 72.45 (1.52) | 70.63 (1.51) | 65.01 (1.90) | 0.003 |
Hypertension, % (SE) | 66.81 (1.94) | 56.44 (1.96) | 64.38 (1.80) | 69.40 (1.68) | 78.05 (1.65) | < 0.0001 |
DM, % (SE) | 31.68 (1.74) | 13.59 (1.17) | 20.69 (1.38) | 35.29 (1.83) | 59.29 (1.91) | < 0.0001 |
CVD, % (SE) | 24.31 (1.38) | 19.91 (1.32) | 21.65 (1.40) | 23.82 (1.40) | 32.43 (1.79) | < 0.0001 |
Stroke, % (SE) | 8.00 (0.68) | 7.30 (0.68) | 7.17 (0.91) | 7.43 (0.74) | 10.22(0.94) | 0.06 |
CHD, % (SE) | 10.67 (0.98) | 8.57 (0.96) | 9.63 (0.85) | 10.17 (0.99) | 14.57 (1.49) | < 0.001 |
CHF, % (SE) | 6.99 (0.66) | 5.28 (0.67) | 5.87 (0.66) | 6.56 (0.83) | 10.47 (0.98) | < 0.0001 |
ASCVD, % (SE) | 22.33 (1.31) | 18.20 (1.28) | 20.24 (1.35) | 22.01 (1.41) | 29.37 (1.77) | < 0.0001 |
Heart attack, % (SE) | 9.74 (0.96) | 7.52 (0.97) | 9.32 (0.83) | 10.05 (0.98) | 12.29 (1.23) | 0.01 |
Angina, % (SE) | 6.16 (0.74) | 3.98 (0.57) | 5.32 (0.69) | 6.14 (0.83) | 9.45 (1.29) | < 0.001 |
Relationship of TyG index with the likelihood of CVD
CVD | OR (95%CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
TyG index (continuous) | 1.50 (1.31, 1.72), p < 0.0001 | 1.58 (1.36, 1.82), p < 0.0001 | 1.30 (1.09, 1.55) p = 0.003 |
TyG index (quartiles) | |||
Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Quartile 2 | 1.21 (1.03, 1.39), p = 0.03 | 1.24 (1.09, 1.40), p = 0.03 | 1.12 (1.03, 1.20), p = 0.03 |
Quartile 3 | 1.26 (1.01, 1.57), p = 0.04 | 1.28 (1.02, 1.61), p = 0.03 | 1.21 (1.04, 1.37), p = 0.03 |
Quartile 4 | 1.93 (1.53, 2,43) p < 0.0001 | 2.08 (1.65, 2.64), p < 0.0001 | 1.51 (1.14, 1.99), p = 0.005 |
Stroke | OR (95%CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
TyG index (continuous) | 1.26 (1.06, 1.50), p = 0.01 | 1.33 (1.11, 1.61), p = 0.002 | 1.04 (0.78, 1.40) p = 0.77 |
TyG index (quartiles) | |||
Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Quartile 2 | 1.05 (0.75, 1.37), p = 0.91 | 1.04 (0.70, 1.38), p = 0.91 | 1.02 (0.75, 1.28), p = 0.29 |
Quartile 3 | 1.08 (0.78, 1.38), p = 0.89 | 1.09 (0.79, 1.38), p = 0.76 | 1.10 (0.81, 1.39), p = 0.28 |
Quartile 4 | 1.44 (1.09, 1.92) p = 0.01 | 1.56 (1.16, 2.09), p = 0.004 | 1.29 (0.87, 1.70), p = 0.47 |
CHF | OR (95%CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
TyG index (continuous) | 1.53 (1.26, 1.86), p < 0.0001 | 1.63 (1.33, 1.99), p < 0.0001 | 1.18 (0.90, 1.54) p = 0.22 |
TyG index (quartiles) | |||
Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Quartile 2 | 1.12 (0.80, 1.56), p = 0.50 | 1.13 (0.81, 1.56), p = 0.47 | 1.09 (0.85, 1.32), p = 0.60 |
Quartile 3 | 1.26 (0.85, 1.86), p = 0.89 | 1.30 (0.79, 1.38), p = 0.76 | 1.18 (0.89, 1.47), p = 0.75 |
Quartile 4 | 2.10 (1.45, 3.04) P < 0.001 | 2.27 (1.56, 3.31), P < 0.0001 | 1.95 (0.87, 3.02), p = 0.19 |
CHD | OR (95%CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
TyG index (continuous) | 1.48 (1.22, 1.78), p < 0.0001 | 1.47 (1.21, 1.79), p < 0.001 | 1.40 (1.11, 1.78) p = 0.01 |
TyG index (quartiles) | |||
Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Quartile 2 | 1.21 (0.89, 1.63), p = 0.21 | 1.18 (0.87, 1.61), p = 0.29 | 1.20 (0.85, 1.70), p = 0.31 |
Quartile 3 | 1.40 (0.94, 1.55), p = 0.41 | 1.20 (0.89, 1.51), p = 0.57 | 1.34 (0.93, 1.74), p = 0.59 |
Quartile 4 | 1.82 (1.30, 2.54) P < 0.001 | 1.81 (1.31, 2.52), P < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.10, 2.37), p = 0.02 |
Heart attack | OR (95%CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
TyG index (continuous) | 1.35 (1.13, 1.62), p = 0.001 | 1.36 (1.13, 1.64), P = 0.001 | 1.32 (1.16, 1.47) p = 0.001 |
TyG index (quartiles) | |||
Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Quartile 2 | 1.38 (0.99, 1.92), p = 0.06 | 1.46 (0.98, 1.95), p = 0.07 | 1.36 (0.86, 1.85), p = 0.31 |
Quartile 3 | 1.43 (0.91, 1.96), p = 0.16 | 1.53 (0.89, 2.17), p = 0.18 | 1.43 (0.91, 1.94), p = 0.59 |
Quartile 4 | 1.72 (1.02, 2.48) p = 0.004 | 1.76 (1.22, 2.55), P = 0.003 | 1.87 (1.21, 2.53), p = 0.003 |
Angina | OR (95%CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
TyG index (continuous) | 1.70 (1.36, 2.11), p < 0.0001 | 1.70 (1.36, 2.12), p < 0.0001 | 1.39 (1.04, 1.87) p = 0.03 |
TyG index (quartiles) | |||
Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Quartile 2 | 1.36 (1.01, 2.04), p = 0.04 | 1.51 (1.02, 2.01), p = 0.01 | 1.48 (1.05, 1.90), p = 0.03 |
Quartile 3 | 1.58 (1.04, 2.42), p = 0.03 | 1.55 (1.01, 2.37), p = 0.04 | 1.50 (1.07, 1.92), p = 0.04 |
Quartile 4 | 2.52 (1.72, 3.68) p < 0.0001 | 2.51 (1.72, 3.67), p < 0.0001 | 1.65 (1.04, 2.62), p < 0.0001 |
ASCVD | OR (95%CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
TyG index (continuous) | 1.46 (1.27, 1.69), p < 0.0001 | 1.52 (1.31, 1.76), p < 0.0001 | 1.26 (1.04, 1.52) p = 0.02 |
TyG index (quartiles) | |||
Quartile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Quartile 2 | 1.22 (1.01, 1.43), p = 0.04 | 1.24 (1.03, 1.44), p = 0.02 | 1.21 (1.08, 1.33), p = 0.03 |
Quartile 3 | 1.27 (1.04, 1.58), p = 0.04 | 1.28 (1.02, 1.61), p = 0.04 | 1.25 (1.11, 1.39), p = 0.04 |
Quartile 4 | 1.87 (1.48, 2.36) p < 0.0001 | 1.98 (1.56, 2.51), p < 0.0001 | 1.44 (1.07, 1.92), p < 0.0001 |