nach oben

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Erschienen in:

19.11.2022 | Original Article

The Beliefs About Memory Inventory (BAMI) and Its Ability to Predict Compulsive Checking

verfasst von: Gillian M. Alcolado, Adam S. Radomsky

Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research | Ausgabe 1/2023

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

One of the most common compulsions in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is repeated checking. Negative beliefs about memory ability have previously been shown to cause and to be predictive of checking behaviour. This suggests they represent an important belief domain that should be assessed and targeted in psychological treatments for OCD. Beliefs about the importance and reliability of memory may also relate to checking. These beliefs have yet to be investigated, however, and a measure to assess these constructs is warranted. Thus, the purpose of this pair of studies was to develop the Beliefs about Memory Inventory (BAMI).

Methods

In Study 1, participants were non-clinical undergraduates (n = 760) and a small sample of clinical participants with OCD who reported primary checking concerns (n = 24). They completed the potential BAMI items, along with measures of OCD symptoms, beliefs, and related psychopathology domains.

Results

An exploratory factor analysis revealed a 2-factor solution with items pertaining to (1) beliefs about memory ability (MA) and (2) beliefs about memory importance (MI). Given the low number of items in the MI factor, a second iteration of the BAMI was developed (Study 2). It was completed by undergraduate students (n = 483) in order to assess the updated version. The final version of the self-report questionnaire had the same two factors and exhibited strong psychometric properties. BAMI factors were predictive of checking symptoms over and above previously known OCD belief domains related to checking, including inflated responsibility and overestimation of threat.

Conclusions

The BAMI holds promise for both research and clinical use. Results are discussed within the framework of cognitive theory of and treatments for OCD.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Abramowitz, J. S., Fabricant, L. E., Taylor, S., Deacon, B. J., McKay, D., & Storch, E. A. (2014). The relevance of analogue studies for understanding obsessions and compulsions. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.004CrossRef

Alcolado, G. M., & Radomsky, A. S. (2011). Believe in yourself: Manipulating beliefs about memory causes checking. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.10.001CrossRef

Alcolado, G. M., & Radomsky, A. S. (2016). A novel cognitive intervention for compulsive checking: Targeting maladaptive beliefs about memory. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 53, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.02.009CrossRef

Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1990). Beck anxiety inventory manual. Psychological Corporation.

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893CrossRef

Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1996). Beck depression inventory manual (2nd ed.). Psychological Corporation.

Boschen, M. J., & Vuksanovic, D. (2007). Deteriorating memory confidence, responsibility perceptions, and repeated checking: Comparisons in OCD and control samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2098–2109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.03.009CrossRef

Clark, D. A. (2003). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for OCD. Guilford.

Coles, M. E., Radomsky, A. S., & Horng, B. (2006). Exploring the boundaries of memory distrust from repeated checking: Increasing external validity and examining thresholds. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.001CrossRef

Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R. T., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H., & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the social phobia inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.4.379CrossRef

Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10(1), 7.

Cougle, J. R., Salkovskis, P. M., & Wahl, K. (2007). Perception of memory ability and confidence in recollections in obsessive-compulsive checking. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.015CrossRef

Cuttler, C., Alcolado, G. M., & Taylor, S. (2013a). Mediation and interaction effects of doubt, dysfunctional beliefs, and memory confidence on the compulsion to check. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2, 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.02.002CrossRef

Cuttler, C., Sirois-Delisle, V., Alcolado, G. M., Radomsky, A. S., & Taylor, S. (2013b). Diminished confidence in prospective memory causes doubts and urges to check. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.01.001CrossRef

Dozois, D. J. A., Dobson, K. S., & Ahnberg, J. L. (1998). A psychometric evaluation of the Beck depression inventory-II. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.83CrossRef

Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (3rd ed.). Sage.

Gilewski, M. J., Zelinski, E. M., & Schaie, K. W. (1990). The memory functioning questionnaire for assessment of memory complaints in adulthood and old age. Psychology and Aging, 5, 482–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.5.4.482CrossRef

Hermans, D., Engelen, Y., Grouwels, L., Joos, E., Lemmens, J., & Pieters, G. (2008). Cognitive confidence in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Distrusting perception, attention and memory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 98–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.11.001CrossRef

Kit, K. A., Mateer, C. A., & Graves, R. E. (2007). The influence of memory beliefs in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 52, 25–32.CrossRef

Mataix-Cols, D., Rosario-Campos, M. C., & Leckman, J. F. (2005). A multidimensional model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 228–238. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.228CrossRef

Nedeljkovic, M., & Kyrios, M. (2007). Confidence in memory and other cognitive processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2899–2914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.001CrossRef

Nedeljkovic, N., Moulding, R., Kyrios, M., & Doron, G. (2009). The relationship of cognitive confidence to OCD symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 463–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.10.001CrossRef

Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (1997). Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 667–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1CrossRef

Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group. (2005). Psychometric validation of the obsessive belief questionnaire and interpretations of intrusions inventory – Part 2: Factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1527–1542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.07.010CrossRef

Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, N. (2009). Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 867–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009CrossRef

Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., Osman, J. R., & Wade, T. (1997). The Beck anxiety inventory: Reexamination of factor structure and psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199701)53:1%3c7::AID-JCLP2%3e3.0.CO;2-SCrossRef

Rachman, S. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 793–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00040-5CrossRef

Rachman, S. (2002). A cognitive theory of compulsive checking. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(901)00028-6CrossRef

Rachman, S. (2003). The treatment of obsessions. Oxford University Press.CrossRef

Rachman, S. J., & Hodgson, R. J. (1980). Obsessions and compulsions. Prentice-Hall Inc.

Radomsky, A. S., & Alcolado, G. M. (2010). Don’t even think about checking: Mental checking causes memory distrust. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.03.005CrossRef

Radomsky, A., & Rachman, S. (2004). The importance of importance in OCD memory research. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.005CrossRef

Radomsky, A. S., Alcolado, G. M., Lavoie, S. L., & Dugas, M. J. (2022). Responsibility, probability, and severity of harm: An experimental investigation of cognitive factors associated with checking-related OCD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 150, 104034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2022.104034CrossRef

Radomsky, A. S., Ashbaugh, A. R., Saxe, M. L., Ouimet, A. J., Golden, E. R., Lavoie, S. L., & O’Connor, K. P. (2006a). Psychometric properties of the French and English versions of the social phobia inventory. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 38, 354–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/cjbs2006021CrossRef

Radomsky, A. S., Dugas, M. J., Alcolado, G. M., & Lavoie, S. (2014). When more is less: Doubt, repetition, memory, metamemory, and compulsive checking in OCD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 59, 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.008CrossRef

Radomsky, A. S., Gilchrist, P. T., & Dussault, D. (2006b). Repeated checking really does cause memory distrust. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 44, 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.02.005CrossRef

Radomsky, A. S., Giraldo-O’Meara, M., Wong, S. F., Dugas, M. J., Gelfand, L. A., Rachman, S., Schell, S., Senn, J. M., Shafran, R., & Whittal, M. L. (2020a). Cognitive therapy for compulsive checking in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A pilot trial. Psychiatry Research, 286, 112850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112850CrossRef

Radomsky, A. S., Ouimet, A. J., Ashbaugh, A. R., Lavoie, S. L., Parrish, C. L., & O’Connor, K. P. (2006c). Psychometric properties of the French and English versions of the Vancouver obsessional compulsive inventory and the symmetry ordering and arranging questionnaire. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 35, 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070600827198CrossRef

Radomsky, A. S., Shafran, R., Coughtrey, A. E., & Rachman, S. (2010). Cognitive-behavior therapy for compulsive checking in OCD. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17, 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.10.002CrossRef

Radomsky, A. S., Wong, S. F., Giraldo-O’Meara, M., Dugas, M. J., Gelfand, L. A., Myhr, G., Schell, S., Senn, J. M., Shafran, R., & Whittal, M. L. (2020b). When it’s at: An examination of when cognitive change occurs during cognitive therapy for compulsive checking in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 67, 101442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.12.003CrossRef

Rees, C. S., & Anderson, R. A. (2013). A review of metacognition in psychological models of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Clinical Psychologist, 17, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12001CrossRef

Ruscio, A. M., Stein, D. J., Chiu, W. T., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2008.94CrossRef

Shafran, R., Radomsky, A. S., Coughtrey, A. E., & Rachman, S. (2013). Advances in the cognitive behavioural treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42, 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2013.773061CrossRef

Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Pearson Education Inc.

Thordarson, D. S., Radomsky, A. S., Rachman, S., Shafran, R., Sawchuk, C. N., & Hakstian, A. R. (2004). The Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1289–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.007CrossRef

van den Hout, M., & Kindt, M. (2003a). Repeated checking causes memory distrust. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 41, 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)0097-9CrossRef

van den Hout, M., & Kindt, M. (2003b). Phenomenological validity of an OCD-memory model and the remember/know distinction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967)02)00097-9CrossRef

van den Hout, M., & Kindt, M. (2004). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and the paradoxical effects of perseverative behaviour on experienced uncertainty. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.007CrossRef

van den Hout, M., van Dis, E., van Woudenberg, C., & van de Groep, I. (2019). OCD-like checking in the lab: A meta-analysis and improvement of an experimental paradigm. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 20, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.11.006CrossRef

Wells, A. (2011). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Guilford press

Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: Properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00147-5CrossRef

Titel: The Beliefs About Memory Inventory (BAMI) and Its Ability to Predict Compulsive Checking
verfasst von: Gillian M. Alcolado
Adam S. Radomsky
Publikationsdatum: 19.11.2022
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Cognitive Therapy and Research / Ausgabe 1/2023
Print ISSN: 0147-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-2819
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-022-10340-x

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

08.05.2024 Gesellschaft Nachrichten

In einer Leseranfrage in der Zeitschrift Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology möchte ein anonymer Dermatologe bzw. eine anonyme Dermatologin wissen, ob er oder sie einen Patienten behandeln muss, der eine rassistische Tätowierung trägt.

Wartezeit nicht kürzer, aber Arbeit flexibler

Psychotherapie Medizin aktuell

Fünf Jahren nach der Neugestaltung der Psychotherapie-Richtlinie wurden jetzt die Effekte der vorgenommenen Änderungen ausgewertet. Das Hauptziel der Novellierung war eine kürzere Wartezeit auf Therapieplätze. Dieses Ziel wurde nicht erreicht, es gab jedoch positive Auswirkungen auf andere Bereiche.

Chirurginnen und Chirurgen sind stark suizidgefährdet

07.05.2024 Suizid Nachrichten

Der belastende Arbeitsalltag wirkt sich negativ auf die psychische Gesundheit der Angehörigen ärztlicher Berufsgruppen aus. Chirurginnen und Chirurgen bilden da keine Ausnahme, im Gegenteil.

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

07.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Extreme Arbeitsverdichtung und kaum Supervision: Dr. Andrea Martini, Sprecherin des Bündnisses Junge Ärztinnen und Ärzte (BJÄ) über den Frust des ärztlichen Nachwuchses und die Vorteile des Rucksack-Modells.

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Klimawandel und Gesundheit: Was Sie in der Hausarztpraxis wissen müssen und tun können

Springer Medizin

The Beliefs About Memory Inventory (BAMI) and Its Ability to Predict Compulsive Checking

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

Wartezeit nicht kürzer, aber Arbeit flexibler

Chirurginnen und Chirurgen sind stark suizidgefährdet

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

Update Psychiatrie

Klimawandel und Gesundheit: Was Sie in der Hausarztpraxis wissen müssen und tun können

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2023

Cognitive Reactivity Amplifies the Activation and Development of Negative Self-schema: A Revised Mnemic Neglect Paradigm and Computational Modelling

Effect of Emotion Regulation Difficulties on Acute Smoking Urges Following a 35% Carbon Dioxide Challenge

Specific Pandemic-Related Worries Predict Higher Attention-Related Errors and Negative Affect Independent of Trait Anxiety in UK-Based Students

The Impact of Emotion Regulation on the Relationship Between Momentary Negative Affect and End-of-Day Worry and Rumination

Reducing Anhedonia in Major Depressive Disorder with Future Event Specificity Training (FEST): A Randomized Controlled Trial

Measuring Appearance-Related Comparisons: Validation of the Comparison Standards Scale for Appearance

Neu im Fachgebiet Psychiatrie

Darf man die Behandlung eines Neonazis ablehnen?

Wartezeit nicht kürzer, aber Arbeit flexibler

Chirurginnen und Chirurgen sind stark suizidgefährdet

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

Update Psychiatrie