Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Lung 2/2018

11.12.2017 | Interstitial Lung Disease

The Burden of Comorbidity and Complexity in Sarcoidosis: Impact of Associated Chronic Diseases

verfasst von: Pilar Brito-Zerón, Nihan Acar-Denizli, Antoni Sisó-Almirall, Xavier Bosch, Fernanda Hernández, Sergi Vilanova, Mireia Villalta, Belchin Kostov, Marina Paradela, Marcelo Sanchez, José Ramírez, Africa Muxí, Antonio Berruezo, Celeste Galceran-Chaves, Antoni Xaubet, Carles Agustí, Jacobo Sellarés, Manuel Ramos-Casals

Erschienen in: Lung | Ausgabe 2/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate comorbidity, complexity and poor outcomes in patients with sarcoidosis and to compare those scores with a control group.

Methods

218 consecutive patients were diagnosed with sarcoidosis according to the ATS/ERS/WASOG criteria; extrathoracic involvement was evaluated using the 2014 WASOG organ assessment instrument. Sarcoidosis patients were compared with an age- and gender-matched control group of primary care outpatients without sarcoidosis. Comorbidities were assessed retrospectively using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI); complexity was evaluated according to the classification into Clinical Risk Groups (CRG) and severity levels.

Results

The cohort included 142 women and 76 men; the mean age was 47.1 years at diagnosis of sarcoidosis and 55.9 years at the last visit. Patients with a CCI > 1 had a higher frequency of calcium/vitamin D abnormalities (p < 0.001), kidney involvement (p = 0.005) and a higher mortality rate (p < 0.001) compared with patients with a CCI ≤ 1. Patients with a CRG ≥ 6 had a higher frequency of extrathoracic involvement (p = 0.039), calcium/vitamin D abnormalities (p = 0.019) and treatment with glucocorticoids (p = 0.032) compared with patients with a CRG < 6. 11% patients died after a mean follow-up of 102.3 months. Country of birth, kidney involvement and extrathoracic disease were significantly associated with death. Patients with sarcoidosis had a higher frequency of liver (p < 0.001), pulmonary (p = 0.002) and autoimmune disease (p = 0.011) and cancer (p = 0.007) compared with the control group.

Conclusion

We found higher rates of comorbidity and complexity in patients with sarcoidosis compared with a control group. Liver, pulmonary, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases were the main comorbidities found in patients with sarcoidosis.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Valeyre D, Prasse A, Nunes H, Uzunhan Y, Brillet P-Y, Muller-Quernheim J (2014) Sarcoidosis. Lancet 383:1155–1167CrossRefPubMed Valeyre D, Prasse A, Nunes H, Uzunhan Y, Brillet P-Y, Muller-Quernheim J (2014) Sarcoidosis. Lancet 383:1155–1167CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Pereira CAC, Dornfeld MC, Baughman R, Judson MA (2014) Clinical phenotypes in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 20:496–502CrossRefPubMed Pereira CAC, Dornfeld MC, Baughman R, Judson MA (2014) Clinical phenotypes in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 20:496–502CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Upshur REG, Tracy S (2008) Chronicity and complexity: is what’s good for the diseases always good for the patients? Can Fam Physician 54:1655–1658PubMedPubMedCentral Upshur REG, Tracy S (2008) Chronicity and complexity: is what’s good for the diseases always good for the patients? Can Fam Physician 54:1655–1658PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Wesemann DR, Costenbader KH, Coblyn JS (2009) Co-existing sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: case reports and discussion from the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Lupus Center. Lupus 18:202–205CrossRefPubMed Wesemann DR, Costenbader KH, Coblyn JS (2009) Co-existing sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: case reports and discussion from the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Lupus Center. Lupus 18:202–205CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Atisha-Fregoso Y, Rivera-Vicencio Y, Baños-Pelaez M, Hernández-Molina G (2015) Main causes and risk factors for hospitalisation in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 33:721–725PubMed Atisha-Fregoso Y, Rivera-Vicencio Y, Baños-Pelaez M, Hernández-Molina G (2015) Main causes and risk factors for hospitalisation in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 33:721–725PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Ofer-Shiber S, Molad Y (2014) Association of the Charlson comorbidity index with renal outcome and all-cause mortality in antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody-associated vasculitis. Medicine 93:e152CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ofer-Shiber S, Molad Y (2014) Association of the Charlson comorbidity index with renal outcome and all-cause mortality in antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody-associated vasculitis. Medicine 93:e152CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonifazi M, Bravi F, Gasparini S, La Vecchia C, Gabrielli A, Wells AU, Renzoni EA (2015) Sarcoidosis and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Chest 147:778–791CrossRefPubMed Bonifazi M, Bravi F, Gasparini S, La Vecchia C, Gabrielli A, Wells AU, Renzoni EA (2015) Sarcoidosis and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Chest 147:778–791CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuleta I, Pingel S, Biener L, Pizarro C, Hammerstingl C, Öztürk C, Schahab N, Grohé C, Nickenig G, Schaefer C, Skowasch D (2016) Atherosclerotic vessel changes in Sarcoidosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 910:23–30CrossRefPubMed Tuleta I, Pingel S, Biener L, Pizarro C, Hammerstingl C, Öztürk C, Schahab N, Grohé C, Nickenig G, Schaefer C, Skowasch D (2016) Atherosclerotic vessel changes in Sarcoidosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 910:23–30CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Garcia-Carrasco M, Font J (2004) Sarcoidosis or Sjogren syndrome? Clues to defining mimicry or coexistence in 59 cases. Medicine 83:85–95CrossRefPubMed Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Garcia-Carrasco M, Font J (2004) Sarcoidosis or Sjogren syndrome? Clues to defining mimicry or coexistence in 59 cases. Medicine 83:85–95CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Ramos-Casals M, Mana J, Nardi N, Brito-Zerón P, Xaubet A, Sánchez-Tapias JM, Cervera R, Font J, HISPAMEC Study Group (2005) Sarcoidosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: analysis of 68 cases. Medicine 84:69–80CrossRefPubMed Ramos-Casals M, Mana J, Nardi N, Brito-Zerón P, Xaubet A, Sánchez-Tapias JM, Cervera R, Font J, HISPAMEC Study Group (2005) Sarcoidosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: analysis of 68 cases. Medicine 84:69–80CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Martusewicz-Boros MM, Boros PW, Wiatr E, Roszkowski-Sliz K (2015) What comorbidities accompany sarcoidosis? A large cohort (n = 1779) patients analysis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 32:115–120 Martusewicz-Boros MM, Boros PW, Wiatr E, Roszkowski-Sliz K (2015) What comorbidities accompany sarcoidosis? A large cohort (n = 1779) patients analysis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 32:115–120
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Nowinski A, Puscinska E, Goljan A, Peradzynska J, Bednarek M, Korzybski D, Kamiński D, Stokłosa A, Czystowska M, Śliwiński P, Górecka D (2015) The influence of comorbidities on mortality in sarcoidosis: a observational prospective cohort study. Clin Respir J. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.12398 PubMed Nowinski A, Puscinska E, Goljan A, Peradzynska J, Bednarek M, Korzybski D, Kamiński D, Stokłosa A, Czystowska M, Śliwiński P, Górecka D (2015) The influence of comorbidities on mortality in sarcoidosis: a observational prospective cohort study. Clin Respir J. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​crj.​12398 PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, Baughman R, Cordier JF, du Bois R, Eklund A, Kitaichi M, Lynch J, Rizzato G, Rose C, Selroos O, Semenzato G, Sharma OP (1999) ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 16:149–173 Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, Baughman R, Cordier JF, du Bois R, Eklund A, Kitaichi M, Lynch J, Rizzato G, Rose C, Selroos O, Semenzato G, Sharma OP (1999) ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 16:149–173
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Brito-Zerón P, Sellarés J, Bosch X, Hernández F, Kostov B, Sisó-Almirall A, Lopez Casany C, Santos JM, Paradela M, Sánchez M, Ramírez J, Xaubet A, Agustí C, Ramos-Casals M (2016) Epidemiologic patterns of disease expression in sarcoidosis: age, gender and ethnicity-related differences. Clin Exp Rheumatol 34:380–388PubMed Brito-Zerón P, Sellarés J, Bosch X, Hernández F, Kostov B, Sisó-Almirall A, Lopez Casany C, Santos JM, Paradela M, Sánchez M, Ramírez J, Xaubet A, Agustí C, Ramos-Casals M (2016) Epidemiologic patterns of disease expression in sarcoidosis: age, gender and ethnicity-related differences. Clin Exp Rheumatol 34:380–388PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Judson MA, Costabel U, Drent M, Wells A, Maier L, Koth L, Shigemitsu H, Culver DA, Gelfand J, Valeyre D, Sweiss N, Crouser E, Morgenthau AS, Lower EE, Azuma A, Ishihara M, Morimoto S, Tetsuo Yamaguchi T, Shijubo N, Grutters JC, Rosenbach M, Li HP, Rottoli P, Inoue Y, Prasse A, Baughman RP, Organ Assessment Instrument Investigators TW (2014) The WASOG Sarcoidosis organ assessment instrument: an update of a previous clinical tool. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 31:19–27 Judson MA, Costabel U, Drent M, Wells A, Maier L, Koth L, Shigemitsu H, Culver DA, Gelfand J, Valeyre D, Sweiss N, Crouser E, Morgenthau AS, Lower EE, Azuma A, Ishihara M, Morimoto S, Tetsuo Yamaguchi T, Shijubo N, Grutters JC, Rosenbach M, Li HP, Rottoli P, Inoue Y, Prasse A, Baughman RP, Organ Assessment Instrument Investigators TW (2014) The WASOG Sarcoidosis organ assessment instrument: an update of a previous clinical tool. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 31:19–27
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR (1987) A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 40:373–383CrossRefPubMed Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR (1987) A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 40:373–383CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hughes JS, Averill RF, Eisenhandler J, Goldfield NI, Muldoon J, Neff JM, Gay JC (2004) Clinical Risk Groups (CRGs): a classification system for risk-adjusted capitation-based payment and health care management. Med Care 42:81–90CrossRefPubMed Hughes JS, Averill RF, Eisenhandler J, Goldfield NI, Muldoon J, Neff JM, Gay JC (2004) Clinical Risk Groups (CRGs): a classification system for risk-adjusted capitation-based payment and health care management. Med Care 42:81–90CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Jönsen A, Clarke AE, Joseph L, Belisle P, Bernatsky S, Nived O, Bengtsson AA, Sturfelt G, Pineau CA (2011) Association of the Charlson comorbidity index with mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 63:1233–1237CrossRef Jönsen A, Clarke AE, Joseph L, Belisle P, Bernatsky S, Nived O, Bengtsson AA, Sturfelt G, Pineau CA (2011) Association of the Charlson comorbidity index with mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res 63:1233–1237CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Faurschou M, Ahlstrom MG, Lindhardsen J, Baslund B, Obel N (2016) Impact of pre-existing co-morbidities on mortality in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a cohort study. Rheumatology 55:649–653CrossRefPubMed Faurschou M, Ahlstrom MG, Lindhardsen J, Baslund B, Obel N (2016) Impact of pre-existing co-morbidities on mortality in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a cohort study. Rheumatology 55:649–653CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Kishor S, Turner ML, Borg BB, Kleiner DE, Cowen EW (2008) Cutaneous sarcoidosis and primary biliary cirrhosis: a chance association or related diseases? J Am Acad Dermatol 58:326–335CrossRefPubMed Kishor S, Turner ML, Borg BB, Kleiner DE, Cowen EW (2008) Cutaneous sarcoidosis and primary biliary cirrhosis: a chance association or related diseases? J Am Acad Dermatol 58:326–335CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Teufel A, Weinmann A, Kahaly GJ, Centner C, Piendl A, Wörns M, Lohse AW, Galle PR, Kanzler S (2010) Concurrent autoimmune diseases in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 44:208–213CrossRefPubMed Teufel A, Weinmann A, Kahaly GJ, Centner C, Piendl A, Wörns M, Lohse AW, Galle PR, Kanzler S (2010) Concurrent autoimmune diseases in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 44:208–213CrossRefPubMed
25.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Chopra A, Judson MA (2015) How are cancer and connective tissue diseases related to sarcoidosis? Curr Opin Pulm Med 21:517–524CrossRefPubMed Chopra A, Judson MA (2015) How are cancer and connective tissue diseases related to sarcoidosis? Curr Opin Pulm Med 21:517–524CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Vaurs C, Ammoury A, Cordel N, Lamant L, Chaufour X, Paul C (2009) Large-vessel granulomatous vasculitis during the course of sarcoidosis: Takayasu’s arteritis? Ann Dermatol Venereol 136:890–893CrossRefPubMed Vaurs C, Ammoury A, Cordel N, Lamant L, Chaufour X, Paul C (2009) Large-vessel granulomatous vasculitis during the course of sarcoidosis: Takayasu’s arteritis? Ann Dermatol Venereol 136:890–893CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Malli F, Bargiota A, Theodoridou K, Florou Z, Bardaka F, Koukoulis GN, Gourgoulianis KI, Daniil Z (2012) Increased primary autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid antibodies in sarcoidosis: evidence for an under-recognised extrathoracic involvement in sarcoidosis? Hormones 11:436–443CrossRefPubMed Malli F, Bargiota A, Theodoridou K, Florou Z, Bardaka F, Koukoulis GN, Gourgoulianis KI, Daniil Z (2012) Increased primary autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid antibodies in sarcoidosis: evidence for an under-recognised extrathoracic involvement in sarcoidosis? Hormones 11:436–443CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Yao Y, Jiang F, Jin Z (2016) Pancreatic Sarcoidosis in association with Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis: a case report and literature review. Pancreas 45:e7–e8CrossRefPubMed Yao Y, Jiang F, Jin Z (2016) Pancreatic Sarcoidosis in association with Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis: a case report and literature review. Pancreas 45:e7–e8CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Polychronopoulos VS, Prakash UBS (2009) Airway involvement in sarcoidosis. Chest 136:1371–1380CrossRefPubMed Polychronopoulos VS, Prakash UBS (2009) Airway involvement in sarcoidosis. Chest 136:1371–1380CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Thillai M, Potiphar L, Eberhardt C, Pareek M, Dhawan R, Kon OM, Wickremasinghe M, Wells A, Mitchell D, Lalvani A (2012) Obstructive lung function in sarcoidosis may be missed, especially in older white patients. Eur Respir J 39:775–777CrossRefPubMed Thillai M, Potiphar L, Eberhardt C, Pareek M, Dhawan R, Kon OM, Wickremasinghe M, Wells A, Mitchell D, Lalvani A (2012) Obstructive lung function in sarcoidosis may be missed, especially in older white patients. Eur Respir J 39:775–777CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Knight EL (2014) Is the incidence of malignancy increased in patients with sarcoidosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology 19:993–998CrossRefPubMed Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Knight EL (2014) Is the incidence of malignancy increased in patients with sarcoidosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respirology 19:993–998CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Shu X, Ji J, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Hemminki K (2011) Survival in cancer patients with previous hospitalization for sarcoidosis: a Swedish population-based cohort study during 1964–2006. Ann Oncol 22:1427–1434CrossRefPubMed Shu X, Ji J, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Hemminki K (2011) Survival in cancer patients with previous hospitalization for sarcoidosis: a Swedish population-based cohort study during 1964–2006. Ann Oncol 22:1427–1434CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Ji J, Shu X, Li X, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Hemminki K (2009) Cancer risk in hospitalized sarcoidosis patients: a follow-up study in Sweden. Ann Oncol 20:1121–1126CrossRefPubMed Ji J, Shu X, Li X, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Hemminki K (2009) Cancer risk in hospitalized sarcoidosis patients: a follow-up study in Sweden. Ann Oncol 20:1121–1126CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Mirsaeidi M, Machado RF, Schraufnagel D, Sweiss NJ, Baughman RP (2015) Racial difference in sarcoidosis mortality in the United States. Chest 147:438–449CrossRefPubMed Mirsaeidi M, Machado RF, Schraufnagel D, Sweiss NJ, Baughman RP (2015) Racial difference in sarcoidosis mortality in the United States. Chest 147:438–449CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Varron L, Cottin V, Schott A-M, Broussolle C, Seve P (2012) Late-onset sarcoidosis: a comparative study. Medicine 91:137–143CrossRefPubMed Varron L, Cottin V, Schott A-M, Broussolle C, Seve P (2012) Late-onset sarcoidosis: a comparative study. Medicine 91:137–143CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahévas M, Lescure FX, Boffa JJ, Delastour V, Belenfant X, Chapelon C, Cordonnier C, Makdassi R, Piette JC, Naccache JM, Cadranel J, Duhaut P, Choukroun G, Ducroix JP, Valeyre D (2009) Renal sarcoidosis: clinical, laboratory, and histologic presentation and outcome in 47 patients. Medicine 88:98–106CrossRefPubMed Mahévas M, Lescure FX, Boffa JJ, Delastour V, Belenfant X, Chapelon C, Cordonnier C, Makdassi R, Piette JC, Naccache JM, Cadranel J, Duhaut P, Choukroun G, Ducroix JP, Valeyre D (2009) Renal sarcoidosis: clinical, laboratory, and histologic presentation and outcome in 47 patients. Medicine 88:98–106CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Romer FK (1980) Renal manifestations and abnormal calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis. Q J Med 49:233–247PubMed Romer FK (1980) Renal manifestations and abnormal calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis. Q J Med 49:233–247PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Neville E, Walker AN, James DG (1983) Prognostic factors predicting the outcome of sarcoidosis: an analysis of 818 patients. Q J Med 52:525–533PubMed Neville E, Walker AN, James DG (1983) Prognostic factors predicting the outcome of sarcoidosis: an analysis of 818 patients. Q J Med 52:525–533PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrigues SC, Rocha NA, Lima MS, Arakaki JS, Coletta EN, Ferreira RG, Gonzaga LR, Pereira CA (2011) Factor analysis of sarcoidosis phenotypes at two referral centers in Brazil. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 28:34–43 Rodrigues SC, Rocha NA, Lima MS, Arakaki JS, Coletta EN, Ferreira RG, Gonzaga LR, Pereira CA (2011) Factor analysis of sarcoidosis phenotypes at two referral centers in Brazil. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 28:34–43
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judson MA (2003) Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen. Chest 124:2023–2026CrossRefPubMed Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judson MA (2003) Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen. Chest 124:2023–2026CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Brismar TB, Shams S, Berinder K, Berlin M, Uddén J, Brismar K, Ringertz HG (2015) Glucocorticoids and sarcoidosis: a longitudinal study on the effects on cortical and trabecular bone. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 32:63–69 Brismar TB, Shams S, Berinder K, Berlin M, Uddén J, Brismar K, Ringertz HG (2015) Glucocorticoids and sarcoidosis: a longitudinal study on the effects on cortical and trabecular bone. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffus lung Dis 32:63–69
44.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Sadikot RT, Dore P, Arnold AG (2001) Sarcoidosis and opportunistic infections. South Med J 94:75–77CrossRefPubMed Sadikot RT, Dore P, Arnold AG (2001) Sarcoidosis and opportunistic infections. South Med J 94:75–77CrossRefPubMed
46.
Metadaten
Titel
The Burden of Comorbidity and Complexity in Sarcoidosis: Impact of Associated Chronic Diseases
verfasst von
Pilar Brito-Zerón
Nihan Acar-Denizli
Antoni Sisó-Almirall
Xavier Bosch
Fernanda Hernández
Sergi Vilanova
Mireia Villalta
Belchin Kostov
Marina Paradela
Marcelo Sanchez
José Ramírez
Africa Muxí
Antonio Berruezo
Celeste Galceran-Chaves
Antoni Xaubet
Carles Agustí
Jacobo Sellarés
Manuel Ramos-Casals
Publikationsdatum
11.12.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Lung / Ausgabe 2/2018
Print ISSN: 0341-2040
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1750
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-017-0076-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2018

Lung 2/2018 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.