Introduction
Methods and materials
Results
Epidemiology, clinical, and radiographic SAH characteristics
SAH with headache | SAH without headache | SAH total | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age/SD (years) | 47.9/11.8 | 55.6/10.3 | 52.5/11.5 | p < .01* |
Sex ratio (male/female) | 10/28 (26.3%/73.7%) | 21/34 (38.2%/61.8%) | 31/62 (33.3%/66.7%) | p = .27** |
Mean body mass index/SD | 24.9/4.5 | 25.6/5.0 | 25.3/4.8 | p = .52* |
Initial unconsciousness | 8/38 (21.1%) | 18/55 (32.7%) | 26/93 (28.0%) | p = .25** |
Hyperactive delirium | 19/35 (54.3%) | 31/52 (59.6%) | 50/87 (57.5%) | p = .66** |
Mean highest ICP (< 24 h)/SD (mmHg) | 12.4/4.6 | 11.0/3.6 | 11.5/4.0 | p = .24* |
Median WFNS grade/25%–75% interval | 1/1–1 | 1/1–3 | 1/1–1 | p = .03*** |
Median Fisher grade/25%–75% interval | 4/3–4 | 4/3–4 | 4/3–4 | p > .99*** |
Median Graeb score/25%–75% interval | 2/0–3 | 1/0–4 | 1/0–4 | p = .98*** |
Median Hijdra score/25%–75% interval | 13/9–18 | 15/7–21 | 13/8–20 | p = .51*** |
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage | 7/38 (18.4%) | 17/55 (30.9%) | 24/93 (25.8%) | p = .23** |
Median GOS/25%–75% interval | 5/4–5 | 5/4–5 | 5/4–5 | p = .08*** |
Aneurysm features and specification of SAH treatment
SAH with headache | SAH without headache | SAH total | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anterior circulation aneurysm | 29/38 (76.3%) | 44/55 (80.0%) | 73/93 (78.5%) | p = .80* |
Mean aneurysm size/SD (mm) | 5.5/2.6 | 6.2/3.5 | 5.9/3.2 | p = .46** |
Microsurgical clipping | 9/38 (23.7%) | 17/55 (30.9%) | 26/93 (28.0%) | p = .49* |
Temporary csf drain (EVD/LD) | 20/38 (52.6%) | 33/55 (60.0%) | 53/93 (57.0%) | p = .53* |
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt | 1/38 (2.6%) | 5/55 (9.1%) | 6/93 (6.5%) | p = .40* |
Mean ventilation time/SD (hours) | 40.6/106.8 | 86.6/165.8 | 67.8/145.7 | p = .29** |
Mean total dexamethasone on ICU/SD (mg) | 50.9/75.0 | 51.5/86.9 | 51.2/81.8 | p = .60** |
Mean length of ICU stay/SD (days) | 17.6/10.7 | 18.1/10.3 | 17.9/10.4 | p = .62** |
Mean length of hospital stay/SD (days) | 30.0/13.9 | 26.4/9.1 | 27.9/11.4 | p = .35** |
Comorbidities and early complications
Disorder/complication | SAH with headache | SAH without headache | SAH total | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chronic headache condition | 4/38 (10.5%) | 7/55 (12.7%) | 11/93 (11.8%) | p > .99* |
Arterial hypertension | 15/38 (39.5%) | 19/55 (34.5%) | 34/93 (36.6%) | p = .67* |
Hypothyroidism | 3/38 (7.9%) | 7/55 (12.7%) | 10/93 (10.8%) | p = .52* |
Hyperlipidemia | 4/38 (10.5%) | 3/55 (5.5%) | 7/93 (7.5%) | p = .44* |
Diabetes mellitus | 0/38 (0.0%) | 1/55 (1.8%) | 1/93 (1.1%) | p > .99* |
Alcoholism | 2/38 (5.3%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 6/93 (6.5%) | p > .99* |
Tobacco consumption | 9/38 (23.7%) | 15/55 (27.3%) | 24/93 (25.8%) | p = .81* |
Malignancy | 4/38 (10.5%) | 3/55 (5.5%) | 7/93 (7.5%) | p = .44* |
Psychiatric condition | 2/38 (5.3%) | 3/55 (5.5%) | 5/93 (5.4%) | p > .99* |
Neurologic/neurosurgical condition | 3/38 (7.9%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 7/93 (7.5%) | p > .99* |
Cardiovascular condition | 2/38 (5.3%) | 3/55 (5.5%) | 5/93 (5.4%) | p > .99* |
Pulmonary condition | 4/38 (10.5%) | 7/55 (12.7%) | 11/93 (11.8%) | p > .99* |
Rheumatic condition | 3/38 (7.9%) | 0/55 (0.0%) | 3/93 (3.2%) | p = .07* |
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 0/38 (0.0%) | 3/55 (5.5%) | 3/93 (3.2%) | p = .27* |
Rebleeding | 3/38 (7.9%) | 6/55 (10.9%) | 9/93 (9.7%) | p = .73* |
Delayed cerebral ischemia | 14/38 (36.8%) | 22/55 (40.0%) | 36/93 (38.7%) | p = .83* |
Seizure | 7/38 (18.4%) | 5/55 (9.1%) | 12/93 (12.9%) | p = .22* |
Headache description, pain-related restrictions, and accompanying complaints
Dull | 11/38 (28.9%) |
Pressing | 19/38 (50.0%) |
Throbbing | 9/38 (23.7%) |
Knocking | 5/38 (13.2%) |
Stabbing | 18/38 (47.4%) |
Pulling | 14/38 (36.8%) |
Hot | 3/38 (7.9%) |
Burning | 7/38 (18.4%) |
Mean affective scale*/SD | 3.0/3.3 |
SAH with headache | SAH without headache | Significance | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of headache_continuous without attacks | 12/38 (31.6%) | Not applicable | Not applicable | Group a |
Type of headache_continuous with attacks | 8/38 (21.1%) | Not applicable | Not applicable | Group b |
Type of headache_only pain attacks | 18/38 (47.4%) | Not applicable | Not applicable | Group c |
Frequency of headache attacks_daily or more | 6/26 (23.1%) | Not applicable | Not applicable | Only patients with pain attacks (group b + c) evaluated |
Frequency of headache attacks_weekly to almost daily | 7/26 (26.9%) | Not applicable | Not applicable | Only patients with pain attacks (group b + c) evaluated |
Diurnal rhythm of headache | 18/34 (52.9%) | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Mean current pain (NRS)/SD | 2.1/1.8 | 0.3/0.9 | p < .01* | |
Mean average pain (NRS)/SD | 3.7/2.3 | 0.5/1.3 | p < .01* | Last 4 weeks |
Mean maximum pain (NRS)/SD | 5.7/2.9 | 0.5/1.5 | p < .01* | Last 4 weeks |
Mean number of days with pain-related limitation of ADL/SD | 9.2/18.0 | 0.7/3.4 | p < .01* | Last 3 months |
Mean pain-related limitation of ADL (NRS)/SD | 3.0/3.1 | 0.3/1.0 | p < .01* | Last 3 months |
Mean pain-related limitation of recreational activities (NRS)/SD | 4.1/3.4 | 0.3/1.0 | p < .01* | Last 3 months |
Mean pain-related limitation of working activities (NRS)/SD | 4.4/3.7 | 0.3/1.1 | p < .01* | Last 3 months |
Pain-related impairment of mood | 1/1–2 | 0/0–0 | p < .01* | 0 = no; I = slight; II = significant; III = much; IV = very much |
Mean HDI-G_emotional score/SD | 17.7/14.6 | 0.4/1.3 | p < .01* | |
Mean HDI-G_functional score/SD | 17.4/12.9 | 0.9/3.0 | p < .01* | |
Median HDI-G_headache days/25%–75% interval | 1/0–2 | 0/0–0 | p < .01* | Days per month: 0 = <1 day; 1 = 1–4 days; 2= > 4 days |
Mean SF-MPQ_total pain index/SD | 10.7/8.3 | 0.7/2.9 | p < .01* | |
Median SF-MPQ_pain experience/25%–75% interval | 2/1–4 | 0/0–0 | p < .01* | |
Pain medication | 0/0–1 | 0/0–0 | p < .01* | 0 = no analgesics; I = non-opioids; 2 = opioids ± non-opioids |
Symptom | SAH with headache | SAH without headache | SAH total | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
No other symptoms | 6/38 (15.8%) | 33/55 (60.0%) | 39/93 (41.9%) | p< .01* |
Weariness | 25/38 (65.8%) | 8/55 (14.5%) | 33/93 (35.5%) | p < .01* |
Nausea | 8/38 (21.1%) | 2/55 (3.6%) | 10/93 (10.8%) | p = .01* |
Stomach complaints | 6/38 (15.8%) | 2/55 (3.6%) | 8/93 (8.6%) | p = .06* |
Concentration problems | 18/38 (47.4%) | 13/55 (23.6%) | 31/93 (33.3%) | p = .02* |
Dejection | 14/38 (36.8%) | 9/55 (16.4%) | 23/93 (24.7%) | p = .03* |
Lack of appetite | 7/38 (18.4%) | 2/55 (3.6%) | 9/93 (9.7%) | p = .03* |
Sweating | 12/38 (31.6%) | 2/55 (3.6%) | 14/93 (15.1%) | p < .01* |
Listlessness | 19/38 (50.0%) | 12/55 (21.8%) | 31/93 (33.3%) | p = .01* |
Dizziness | 17/38 (44.7%) | 10/55 (18.2%) | 27/93 (29.0%) | p = .01* |
Obstipation | 4/38 (10.5%) | 3/55 (5.5%) | 7/93 (7.5%) | p = .44* |
Health-related quality of life, psychosocial, and functional impairment
SAH with headache | SAH without headache | SAH total | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean general wellbeing*/SD | 15.1/59.8 | 32.1/55.1 | 24.0/57.6 | p = .19*** |
Mean SF-12 PCS/SD | 40.3/9.9 | 49.6/8.6 | 45.0/10.3 | p < .01*** |
Mean SF-12 MCS/SD | 44.0/11.8 | 49.2/9.6 | 46.7/11.0 | p = .06*** |
Mean DASS_depression/SD | 6.0/6.1 | 3.9/4.9 | 5.0/5.6 | p = .10*** |
Mean DASS_anxiety/SD | 4.0/4.4 | 2.0/2.6 | 3.0/3.7 | p = .02*** |
Mean DASS_stress/SD | 8.3/6.1 | 4.9/4.9 | 6.6/5.8 | p = .01*** |
Emotional/psychic problems | 14/38 (36.8%) | 11/41 (26.8%) | 25/79 (31.6%) | p = .47**** |
Insufficient night sleep | 15/36 (41.7%) | 6/41 (14.6%) | 21/77 (27.3%) | p = .01**** |
Median social impairment**/25%–75% interval | 2/1–2 | 1/0–2 | 1/0–2 | p = .01*** |
Officially certified physical disability | 20/36 (55.6%) | 16/37 (43.2%) | 36/73 (49.3%) | p = .35**** |
Incapacity for work | 11/32 (34.4%) | 8/33 (24.2%) | 19/65 (29.2%) | p = .42**** |