Introduction
Methods
National Health Interview Survey (2003)
National Health Interview Survey (2014)
First Roma Health Survey (2004)
Second Roma Health Survey (2015)
Questionnaire
Data analysis
Results
Socioeconomic status
First surveys (2003/2004) | Second surveys (2014/2015) | Changes (ratio#) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | 18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | 18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | |
Only primary education (%) | |||||||||
Roma | 73 (68, 77) | 80 (75, 84) | 87 (82, 91) | 72 (67, 77) | 84 (79, 88) | 95 (91, 97) | 0.99 | 1.05 | 1.09 |
General | 16 (14, 19) | 17 (15, 20) | 29 (26, 32) | 20 (20.2, 20.3) | 10.77 (10.73, 10.81) | 16.51 (16.46, 16.55) | 1.25* | 0.65* | 0.59* |
Active worker (%) | |||||||||
Roma | 17 (14, 21) | 22 (18, 27) | 11 (7, 16) | 47 (41, 53) | 54 (48, 60) | 46 (39, 53) | 2.76* | 2.45* | 4.18* |
General | 62 (59, 65) | 79 (76, 81) | 53 (51, 56) | 50.4 (50.3, 50.5) | 80.57 (80.52, 80.62) | 61.35 (61.29, 61.41) | 0.81* | 1.03 | 1.15* |
Mean household equivalent income per month, EUR | |||||||||
Roma | 170 (160, 180) | 161 (153, 169) | 159 (150, 168) | 192 (182, 203) | 185 (176, 193) | 188 (165, 211) | 1.13* | 1.15* | 1.18 |
General | 332 (316, 348) | 307 (293, 321) | 300 (290, 309) | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Self-assessed financial status very bad or bad (%) | |||||||||
Roma | 59 (54, 64) | 62 (56, 67) | 65 (58, 71) | 38 (32, 44) | 38 (32, 44) | 39 (32, 46) | 0.64* | 0.61* | 0.60* |
General | 2 (1,5, 3) | 4 (3, 5) | 5 (4, 7) | 14.41 (14.35, 14.47) | 16.06 (16.01, 16.11) | 18.57 (18.52, 18.62) | 7.00* | 4.00* | 3.80* |
Living in a one-room flat (%) | |||||||||
Roma | 11 (8, 14) | 12 (9, 16) | 15 (10, 20) | 13 (10, 17) | 13 (10, 17) | 13 (10, 19) | 1.18 | 1.08 | 1.27 |
General | 9 (7, 11) | 8 (6, 10) | 6 (5, 8) | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Self-reported health status bad or very bad (%) | |||||||||
Roma | 3 (2, 5) | 18 (14, 23) | 50 (44, 57) | 17 (13, 22) | 20 (16, 25) | 22 (17, 28) | 5.67* | 1.11 | 0.44* |
General | 4 (2, 6) | 8 (7, 10) | 25 (23, 27) | 0.93 (0.92, 0.95) | 2.82 (2.80, 2.84) | 13.62 (13.58, 13.66) | 0.23* | 0.25* | 0.52* |
Self-reported health status good or very good (%) | |||||||||
Roma | 79 (75, 83) | 48 (42, 55) | 13 (9, 17) | 46 (40, 52) | 39 (33, 45) | 26 (20, 33) | 0.58* | 0.81 | 2.00* |
General | 80 (75, 83) | 52 (49, 56) | 20 (19, 23) | 90.76 (90.71, 90.80) | 80.15 (80.10, 80.20) | 51.19 (51.13, 51.25) | 1.13* | 1.54* | 2.55* |
Could do much or much more for own health (%) | |||||||||
Roma | 68 (64, 73) | 53 (48, 59) | 39 (33, 46) | 55 (49, 61) | 49 (43, 55) | 47 (40, 55) | 0.81* | 0.92 | 1.21 |
General | 88 (86, 90) | 80 (77, 82) | 66 (64, 69) | 92.02 (91.98, 92.07) | 87.76 (87.72, 87.80) | 76.62 (76.57, 76.67) | 1.05* | 1.09* | 1.15* |
Discrimination in health care (%) | |||||||||
Roma | 27 (21, 33) | 33 (26, 41) | 47 (40, 55) | 35 (31, 39) | 15 (11, 19) | 24 (18, 31) | 1.30 | 0.42* | 0.49* |
General | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Self-rated health status and access to health care
Health service use
First surveys (2003/2004) | Second surveys (2014/2015) | Changes (ratio#) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | 18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | 18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | |
Women | |||||||||
Use of any service in the previous 12 months | |||||||||
Roma | 65 (58, 71) | 62 (55, 70) | 78 (69, 85) | 85 (79, 90) | 85 (79, 91) | 90 (82, 95) | 1.31* | 1.37* | 1.15 |
General | 74 (70, 77) | 73 (69, 76) | 80 (78,83) | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Contact with family physician in the previous 12 months | |||||||||
Roma | 70 (64, 76) | 71 (63, 77) | 86 (78, 91) | 74 (67, 81) | 69 (61, 76) | 83 (74, 90) | 1.06 | 0.97 | 0.97 |
General | 62 (59, 65) | 62 (59, 65) | 77 (75, 79) | 73.74 (73.63, 73.84) | 73.2 (73.1, 73.3) | 82.5 (82.4, 82.6) | 1.19* | 1.18* | 1.06* |
Consulting a specialist in the previous 12 months | |||||||||
Roma | 51 (44, 58) | 42 (35, 50) | 58 (49, 67) | 47 (39, 56) | 44 (36, 52) | 50 (40, 60) | 0.92 | 1.05 | 0.86 |
General | 68 (64, 72) | 68 (64, 71) | 69 (66, 72) | 64.1 (63.9, 64.2) | 68.3 (68.2, 68.4) | 69.6 (69.5, 69.7) | 0.94 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Use of dental service in the previous 12 months | |||||||||
Roma | 44 (38, 51) | 33 (26, 41) | 32 (24, 41) | 33 (26, 41) | 28 (21, 36) | 17 (10, 26) | 0.75 | 0.85 | 0.53 |
General | 61 (57, 65) | 50 (46, 54) | 39 (36, 43) | 62.8 (62.7, 63) | 61.1 (61, 61.2) | 46 (45.9, 46) | 1.02 | 1.22* | 1.18* |
Gynaecologist appointment in the previous 5 years | |||||||||
Roma | 90 (85, 93) | 82 (75, 87) | 62 (53, 71) | 76 (69, 82) | 75 (67, 81) | 55 (45, 65) | 0.84* | 0.91 | 0.89 |
General | 90 (87, 92) | 92 (89, 94) | 86 (84, 87) | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Mammography in the previous 2 years | |||||||||
Roma | 25 (18, 34) | 14 (8, 23) | 0.56 | ||||||
General | 70 (67, 74) | 66.4 (66.3, 66.5) | 0.94* | ||||||
Cholesterol-lowering medication | |||||||||
Roma | 0 (0, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.2, 4.4) | 5.4 (2.0, 11.3) | 6.5 (3.3, 11.4) | 4.4 (1.8, 8.9) | 11.5 (6.1, 19.3) | nc* | 3.59 | 2.15 |
General | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Men | |||||||||
Use of any services in the previous 12 months | |||||||||
Roma | 42 (35, 49) | 48 (40, 56) | 67 (57, 75) | 86 (80, 91) | 86 (78, 90) | 83 (74, 90) | 2.05* | 1.79 | 1.24 |
General | 60 (56, 64) | 61 (57,65) | 72 (86, 75) | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Contact with family physician in the previous 12 months | |||||||||
Roma | 48 (41, 55) | 51 (43, 59) | 74 (65, 81) | 66 (58, 74) | 55 (46, 64) | 67 (57, 76) | 1.38* | 1.08 | 0.91 |
General | 67 (63, 71) | 68 (64, 71) | 73 (71, 75) | 61 (60.9, 61.1) | 62.75 (62.66, 62.84) | 75.54 (75.47, 75.62) | 0.91* | 0.93* | 1.04* |
Consulting a specialist in the previous 12 months | |||||||||
Roma | 22 (16, 28) | 23 (17, 31) | 42 (34, 52) | 34 (27, 42) | 26 (19, 34) | 37 (28, 47) | 1.55 | 1.13 | 0.88 |
General | 38 (33, 42) | 35 (31, 38) | 51 (47, 54) | 41.62 (41.50, 41.73) | 48.95 (48.86, 49.05) | 59.22 (59.13, 59.30) | 1.11 | 1.40* | 1.16* |
Use of dental service in the previous 12 months | |||||||||
Roma | 38 (31, 45) | 26 (20, 34) | 21 (14, 29) | 28 (21, 36) | 19 (12, 26) | 17 (10, 26) | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.81 |
General | 42 (37, 46) | 40 (36, 44) | 30 (27, 34) | 53.83 (53.72, 53.95) | 47.06 (46.96, 47.15) | 39.67 (39.59, 39.76) | 1.29* | 1.18* | 1.33* |
Cholesterol-lowering medication | |||||||||
Roma | 0.5 (0, 2.8) | 2.1 (0.4, 6.0) | 5.2 (1.9, 11) | 1.3 (0.2, 4.4) | 4.4 (1.8, 8.8) | 6.1 (2.5, 12.2) | 2.47 | 2.1 | 1.77 |
General | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Health determinants
First surveys (2003/2004) | Second surveys (2014/2015) | Changes (ratio#) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | 18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | 18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | |
Smoking | |||||||||
Never | |||||||||
Roma | 40 (34, 47) | 22 (17, 29) | 32 (24, 41) | 47 (39, 55) | 41 (33, 50) | 29 (20, 39) | 1.18 | 1.86* | 0.91 |
General | 53 (49, 57) | 47 (42, 51) | 56 (53, 59) | 61.2 (61.1, 61.3) | 60.17 (60.08, 60.26) | 50.77 (50.68, 50.85) | 1.15* | 1.28* | 0.89* |
Former | |||||||||
Roma | 9 (6, 14) | 12 (7.6, 18) | 13 (7.6, 20) | 0 (0, 2) | 2 (0, 6) | 3 (1, 9) | 0.00* | 0.17* | 0.23 |
General | 13 (9, 19) | 12 (9, 14) | 16 (14, 19) | 9.32 (9.25, 9.39) | 15.35 (15.29, 15.42) | 20.02 (19.95, 20.09) | 0.69 | 1.25* | 1.25* |
Moderate | |||||||||
Roma | 25 (20, 32) | 17 (11, 23) | 12 (6, 19) | 31 (23, 38) | 33 (25, 41) | 34 (25, 45) | 1.24 | 1.94* | 2.83* |
General | 24 (21, 27) | 24 (21, 28) | 19 (17, 22) | 3.6 (3.56, 3.64) | 2.11 (2.09, 2.14) | 0.7 (0.68, 0.71) | 0.13* | 0.08* | 0.04* |
Heavy | |||||||||
Roma | 25 (20, 32) | 49 (41, 57) | 44 (34, 53) | 23 (16, 30) | 24 (18, 32) | 33 (24, 44) | 0.92 | 0.49* | 0.75 |
General | 12 (10, 15) | 18 (15, 21) | 9 (7, 10) | 25.88 (25.78, 25.98) | 22.36 (22.29, 22.44) | 28.52 (28.44, 28.59) | 2.08* | 1.22* | 3.11* |
Alcohol consumption | |||||||||
Abstinent | |||||||||
Roma | 83 (77, 88) | 82 (76, 88) | 91 (84, 95) | 71 (56, 84) | 69 (58, 80) | 62 (46, 76) | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.68* |
General | 57 (53, 61) | 55 (51, 59) | 61 (57, 65) | 30.91 (30.81, 31.02) | 36.52 (36.43, 36.61) | 34.37 (34.29, 34.45) | 0.53* | 0.65* | 0.56* |
Occasional | |||||||||
Roma | 14 (10, 20) | 13 (8, 19) | 7 (4, 14) | 20 (10, 35) | 20 (11, 32) | 24 (12, 40) | 1.43 | 1.54 | 3.43 |
General | 36 (32, 40) | 35 (31, 39) | 26 (23, 29) | 60.68 (60.57, 60.79) | 54.63 (54.54, 54.73) | 53.6 (53.52, 53.69) | 1.67* | 1.54* | 2.04* |
Moderate | |||||||||
Roma | 2 (1, 5) | 3 (1, 7) | 1 (0, 6) | 0 (0, 8) | 2 (0, 9) | 2 (0, 13) | 0.00 | 0.67 | 2.00 |
General | 4 (3, 7) | 8 (6, 10) | 11 (9, 13) | 7.63 (7.57, 7.69) | 8.33 (8.28, 8.38) | 9.91 (9.86, 9.96) | 1.75* | 1.00 | 0.82 |
Heavy | |||||||||
Roma | 1 (0.2, 4) | 2 (0, 6) | 1 (0, 6) | 9 (3, 21) | 10 (4, 20) | 12 (4, 26) | 9.00 | 5.00 | 12.00 |
General | 3 (2, 5) | 2 (1, 4) | 2 (2, 4) | 0.78 (0.75, 0.8) | 0.52 (0.51, 0.53) | 2.11 (2.09, 2.13) | 0.23* | 0.25* | 1.00 |
BMI | |||||||||
Overweight | |||||||||
Roma | 14 (10, 20) | 28 (22, 36) | 34 (26, 44) | 28 (21, 36) | 34 (26, 42) | 27 (19, 37) | 2.00* | 1.21 | 0.79 |
General | 14 (12, 17) | 24 (22, 29) | 38 (35, 41) | 12.83 (12.76, 12.91) | 21.37 (21.3, 21.45) | 34.59 (34.51, 34.67) | 0.86 | 0.88* | 0.89* |
Obese | |||||||||
Roma | 4 (2, 8) | 11 (7, 17) | 21 (15, 30) | 27 (20, 34) | 22 (16, 30) | 23 (15, 33) | 6.75* | 2.00* | 1.10 |
General | 5 (4, 8) | 14 (12, 17) | 25 (22, 28) | 6.47 (6.41, 6.53) | 15.03 (14.96, 15.09) | 26.53 (26.45, 26.6) | 1.20 | 1.07 | 1.04 |
Diet | |||||||||
Use of vegetable oils | |||||||||
Roma | 26 (21, 33) | 30 (23, 37) | 28 (21, 37) | 68 (60, 75) | 67 (59, 75) | 59 (48, 69) | 2.62* | 2.23* | 2.11* |
General | 70 (66, 73) | 63 (59 ,67) | 61 (57, 64) | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Consumption of fruit and vegetables daily | |||||||||
Roma | 32 (26, 39) | 36 (29, 44) | 36 (27, 45) | 60 (52, 68) | 58 (50, 66) | 48 (38, 58) | 1.88* | 1.61 | 1.33 |
General | 55 (50, 59) | 66 (63, 70) | 77 (74, 79) | 61.79 (61.67, 61.9) | 68.34 (68.25, 68.42) | 73.75 (73.67, 73.82) | 1.11* | 1.03 | 0.95* |
First surveys (2003/2004) | Second surveys (2014/2015) | Changes (ratio#) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | 18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | 18–29 years | 30–44 years | 45–64 years | |
Smoking | |||||||||
Never | |||||||||
Roma | 31 (25, 38) | 20 (15, 28) | 13 (8, 20) | 44 (36, 52) | 37 (29, 46) | 28 (19, 37) | 1.42 | 1.85* | 2.15 |
General | 41 (37, 44) | 38 (34, 42) | 29 (26, 32) | 50.23 (50.11, 50.34) | 45.07 (44.97, 45.16) | 37.66 (37.57, 37.74) | 1.22* | 1.18* | 1.28* |
Former | |||||||||
Roma | 5 (3, 9) | 6 (3, 11) | 17 (11, 25) | 1 (0, 5) | 0,7 (0, 4) | 6 (2, 12) | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.35 |
General | 8 (6, 11) | 17 (14, 20) | 32 (28, 35) | 7.57 (7.51, 7.63) | 16.03 (15.97, 16.1) | 29.57 (29.49, 29.65) | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.91 |
Moderate | |||||||||
Roma | 14 (9, 19) | 13 (8, 19) | 17 (11, 25) | 21 (14, 28) | 25 (18, 33) | 32 (24, 42) | 1.50 | 1.92 | 1.88 |
General | 28 (25, 32) | 15 (12, 19) | 15 (13, 18) | 3.08 (3.04, 3.12) | 2.04 (2.01, 2.06) | 1.87 (1.84, 1.89) | 0.11* | 0.13* | 0.12* |
Heavy | |||||||||
Roma | 50 (43, 57) | 61 (53, 69) | 53 (43, 63) | 34 (27, 43) | 38 (29, 46) | 34 (25, 44) | 0.68 | 0.62* | 0.64 |
General | 23 (20, 27) | 30 (26, 35) | 24 (22, 28) | 39.12 (39, 39.23) | 36.86 (36.77, 36.95) | 30.9 (30.82, 30.98) | 1.70* | 1.20* | 1.25* |
Alcohol consumption | |||||||||
Abstinent | |||||||||
Roma | 44 (37, 51) | 45 (37, 53) | 59 (50, 68) | 46 (34, 58) | 40 (30, 51) | 42 (30, 55) | 1.05 | 0.89 | 0.71 |
General | 30 (26, 33) | 25 (21, 29) | 23 (20, 27) | 14.51 (14.43, 14.59) | 17.47 (17.39, 17.54) | 15.95 (15.89, 16.01) | 0.47* | 0.68* | 0.65* |
Occasional | |||||||||
Roma | 16 (11, 22) | 14 (9, 21) | 12 (7, 20) | 26 (16, 37) | 26 (17, 37) | 17 (9, 28) | 1.63 | 1.86 | 1.42 |
General | 36 (32, 40) | 26 (22, 30) | 17 (14, 20) | 56.67 (56.56, 56.78) | 49.5 (49.41, 49.59) | 37.78 (37.69, 37.86) | 1.56 | 1.88* | 2.18* |
Moderate | |||||||||
Roma | 24 (19, 31) | 26 (19, 33) | 16 (10, 24) | 0 (0, 5) | 6 (2, 13) | 6 (2, 14) | 0.00* | 0.23* | 0.38 |
General | 23 (20, 26) | 31 (27, 35) | 39 (35, 42) | 21.9 (21.81, 21.99) | 26.4 (26.32, 26.48) | 33.34 (33.26, 33.43) | 0.91* | 0.84* | 0.85* |
Heavy | |||||||||
Roma | 16 (12, 22) | 16 (11, 23) | 13 (8, 21) | 28 (19, 40) | 28 (19, 39) | 35 (24, 47) | 1.75 | 1.75 | 2.69* |
General | 12 (9, 15) | 18 (15, 22) | 21 (18, 25) | 6.92 (6.87, 6.98) | 6.63 (6.58, 6.68) | 12.93 (12.87, 12.99) | 0.58 | 0.37* | 0.57* |
BMI | |||||||||
Overweight | |||||||||
Roma | 37 (30, 44) | 40 (32, 48) | 36 (28, 46) | 29 (22, 37) | 40 (32, 49) | 29 (20, 38) | 0.78 | 1.00 | 0.81 |
General | 26 (23, 30) | 43 (39, 48) | 44 (40, 48) | 25.36 (25.26, 25.46) | 41.96 (41.87, 42.06) | 44.36 (44.27, 44.44) | 0.96 | 0.95 | 1.00 |
Obese | |||||||||
Roma | 5 (3, 9) | 18 (13, 26) | 22 (15, 31) | 24 (17, 31) | 20 (14, 27) | 21 (14, 30) | 4.80* | 1.11 | 0.95 |
General | 10 (8, 13) | 19 (15, 23) | 24 (21, 27) | 9.27 (9.21, 9.34) | 18.6 (18.53, 18.67) | 30.89 (30.81, 30.97) | 0.90 | 0.95 | 1.25* |
Diet | |||||||||
Use of vegetable oils | |||||||||
Roma | 21 (16, 27) | 28 (21, 36) | 22 (16, 31) | 58 (50, 66) | 50 (41, 59) | 57 (47, 67) | 2.76* | 1.79* | 2.59* |
General | 61 (56, 66) | 62 (58, 66) | 59 (56, 61) | nd | nd | nd | – | – | – |
Consumption of fruit and vegetables daily | |||||||||
Roma | 28 (22, 35) | 31 (24, 39) | 37 (28, 46) | 39 (31, 48) | 41 (32, 50) | 33 (24, 43) | 1.39 | 1.32 | 0.89 |
General | 42 (38, 46) | 49 (45, 54) | 60 (56, 63) | 56.63 (56.52, 56.74) | 55.46 (55.37, 55.55) | 61.93 (61.84, 62.01) | 1.33* | 1.12 | 1.02 |