Background
Biogenesis and structure of tRNAs and tRNA derivatives
Biogenesis and structure of tRNAs
Biogenesis and structure of tRNA derivatives
tRNAs and tRNA derivatives in breast cancer
The overexpression of tRNAs in breast cancer
The modification of tRNAs in breast cancer
The mutation of tRNAs in breast cancer
tRNA derivatives in breast cancer
tRNAs and tRNA derivatives in lung cancer
tRNAs in lung cancer
tRNA derivatives in lung cancer
tRNAs and tRNA derivatives in melanoma and other cancers
Conclusion & further perspectives
Cancer type | The change of the tRNA | Cell/tissue type | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
ER+ breast cancer | The overexpression of tRNALeu | MCF-7 | Promoted cell proliferation and cell transformation | [61] |
Triple-negative breast cancer | The overexpression of tRNA-Leu and tRNA-Tyr | Triple-negative breast cancer tissue | Initiated tumorigenesis | [62] |
Her2(ErbB2)-positive breast | The overexpression of tRNALeuCAG | Her2 (ErbB2)-positive breast tissue | Increased the protein synthesis and proliferative abilities of cancer | [65] |
Breast cancer | The overexpression of tRNAiMet and tRNAIle in immortalized human breast cancer-associated fibroblasts | MCF-7 | Promoted tumor growth and angiogenesis | [67] |
Breast cancer | The overexpression of tRNAArgCCG and tRNAGluUUC | MCF10a, MDA-par, MDA-LM2, CN34-par, and CN-LM1a | Promoted metastasis and invasion ability | [57] |
Breast cancer | Elevated mcm5s2-U34 tRNA modification | MDA-MB-231, MCF7, NMuMG | Promoted breast cancer cells invasion and metastasis | [72] |
Breast cancer | The mutation of mt-tRNAAsp | Blood samples from breast cancer patients | Involved in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer | [76] |
Breast cancer | Ts-3 was down-regulated in aggressive late-stage breast cancer, whereas ts-67, ts-48, and ts-6 were up-regulated only in the late-stage cell line | MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines | tsRNA expression appeared in certain obvious stages of the process of carcinogenesis | [54] |
Breast cancer | High abundance of tRNA-derived miRNA such as miR-720 and miR-1274b | MCF7 EVs and MCF10A EVs | Served as biomarkers | [79] |
Breast cancer | tRFs derived from tRNAGlu, tRNAAsp, tRNAGly, and tRNATyr | MDA-MB-231, CN34 cells, CN-LM1a and MDA-LM2 | Suppressed breast cancer progression | [78] |
Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer | Increased 5'-tiRNAAsp and 5'-tiRNAHis | MCF-7, BT-474 | Enhanced cell proliferation | [77] |
Lung cancer | TERT was significantly enriched at tRNAMet,tRNAArg and tRNALys genes | A2780 | TERT regulated tRNAs expression and controlled the rate of synthesis of global cancer proteins | [62] |
Lung cancer | Mt-tRNAHis, mt-tRNAAla, mt-tRNALeu, mt-tRNASer, and mt-tRNAThr mutation | Blood samples from lung cancer patients | Contributed to the tumorigenesis of lung cancer | |
Lung cancer | tRNAThr and tRNASer derived from ts-3676 and ts-4521 down-regulated and mutated in lung cancer sample | Lung cancer sample | Acted as microRNA roles and piRNA roles | |
Lung cancer | The down-regulated of ts-46 and ts-47 | A549, H1299 | Significantly reduced the clonal formation of cancer cells | [54] |
Lung cancer | The high expression tRNALeuCAG derived small molecule tiRNA | A549, H1650, PC-9, 95-D and SPCA-1 H1299 and H23 | Promoted cell proliferation | [89] |
Melanoma | The tRNAiMet in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts | G361, BLM, LOX-IMVI | Tumor growth and angiogenesis | [67] |
Melanoma | Increased tRNAiMet in melanoma | Derived from the early pup skin of these Tyr: NrasQ61K/°; INK4a−/−; wild-type (wt) and Tyr: NrasQ61K/°; INK4a−/− of Melanocyte cell lines | Advanced cancer cell migration, invasiveness and lung colonisation capacity | [90] |
Melanoma | TERT promoted the expression of tRNAArg, tRNAAla, tRNAAsn, tRNACys, tRNALys, tRNAGlu and tRNAThr | BLM, G361, LOX-IMVI | TERT promoted cancer cell proliferation by augmenting tRNA expression | [62] |
Cervical cancer | tRNAArg and tRNASec were significantly increased in HPV | Hela and W12 cell lines | The oncoproteins E6 and E7 stimulated tRNA transcription | [91] |
Cervical cancer | tRF derived from tRNAGln expression was decreased in conditions of slowed cell proliferation | Hela cell | Inhibited the translation process of the protein | [92] |
Androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate cancer | Increased expression 5'-tiRNAAsp and 5'-tiRNAHis as well as 5'-tiRNALys | LNCap-FGC | Promoted the proliferation of cancer cells | [77] |
Multiple myeloma | High levels of tRNA abundance such as tRNAArg and tRNALeu | MM.1S, MM.1R, NCI-H929, U266 and RPMI-8266 | Increased translation of highly active proteins | [93] |
Pancreatic cancer | tRNA interacted with MEK2 | HEK293T, Q60P, P128Q, S154F, E207K and CD18 | tRNA modulated MEK2 function to regulate cellular behavior | [94] |