Background
Methods
Study design, setting, and population
Diabetic-related diagnosis | ICD-10 code |
---|---|
Type 2 diabetes without complication | E11.9 |
Type 2 diabetes with incipient diabetic nephropathy | E11.21 |
Type 2 diabetes with established diabetic nephropathy | E11.22 |
Type 2 diabetes with unspecified neuropathy | E11.40 |
Unspecified diabetes mellitus with background retinopathy | E14.31 |
Unspecified diabetes mellitus with foot ulcer due to multiple causes | E14.73 |
Data definition and processing
Results
Characteristics | No OAD (n = 6535) | Non-titrators (n = 3786) | Titrators (n = 34978) | Full cohort (n = 57910) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total patients, n (%) | 6535 (100) | 3786 (100) | 34978 (100) | 57910 (100) |
Age (year), mean (SD) | 71.9 (11.0) | 68.6 (10.9) | 64.0 (10.9) | 65.4 (11.8) |
Sex, males, n (%) | 2801 (42.9) | 1788 (47.2) | 16997 (48.6) | 28107 (48.5) |
Race, n (%) | ||||
Chinese | 5396 (82.6) | 2876 (76.0) | 24530 (70.1) | 41036 (70.9) |
Malay | 600 (9.2) | 471 (12.4) | 5478 (15.7) | 8741 (15.1) |
Indian | 339 (5.2) | 284 (7.5) | 3448 (9.9) | 5525 (9.5) |
Others | 200 (3.1) | 155 (4.1) | 1549 (4.4) | 2608 (4.5) |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 25.4 (4.4) | 25.9 (4.6) | 26.7 (4.8) | 26.5 (4.8) |
Diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
Dyslipidemia | 6109(93.5) | 3559(94.0) | 32893(94.0) | 53609(92.6) |
Hypertension | 5944(91.0) | 3393(89.6) | 30620(87.5) | 50483(87.2) |
Years with diabetes at base visit, n (%) | ||||
0 | 5473 (83.7) | 279 (7.4) | 5190 (14.8) | 14625 (25.3) |
1 | 79 (1.2) | 422 (11.1) | 303 1(8.7) | 4731 (8.2) |
2 | 150 (2.3) | 430 (11.4) | 3120 (8.9) | 4859 (8.4) |
3 | 633 (9.7) | 2494 (65.9) | 22008 (62.9) | 31137 (53.8) |
4 | 63 (1.0) | 53 (1.4) | 448 (1.3) | 715 (1.2) |
≥5 | 137 (2.1) | 108 (2.9) | 1182 (3.4) | 1843 (3.2) |
Number of HbA1c tests per year, mean (SD) | 2.1(0.9) | 2.2(1.1) | 3.2(0.9) | 2.8(1.2) |
Number of OAD prescribed, n (%) | ||||
0 | 6535 (100.0) | 9 (0.2) | 3737 (10.7) | 13176 (22.8) |
1 | 0 (0.0) | 2685 (70.9) | 13234 (37.8) | 20517 (35.4) |
2 | 0 (0.0) | 949 (25.1) | 13741 (39.3) | 18776 (32.4) |
3 | 0 (0.0) | 129 (3.4) | 3745 (10.7) | 4782 (8.3) |
4 | 0 (0.0) | 14 (0.4) | 521 (1.5) | 659 (1.1) |
On insulin, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 37 (1.0) | 3868 (11.1) | 5538 (9.6) |
HbA1c group, n (%) | ||||
<7.0 | 5735 (87.8) | 2627 (69.4) | 13886 (39.7) | 26901 (46.5) |
7.0–7.9 | 252 (3.9) | 852 (22.5) | 11425 (32.7) | 15299 (26.4) |
8.0–8.9 | 15 (0.2) | 124 (3.3) | 4292 (12.3) | 5722 (9.9) |
9.0–9.9 | 1 (0.0) | 29 (0.8) | 1771 (5.1) | 2560 (4.4) |
≥10 | 1 (0.0) | 38 (1.0) | 1828 (5.2) | 2961 (5.1) |
Missing1 | 531 (8.1) | 116 (3.1) | 1776 (5.1) | 4467 (7.7) |
Number of OAD prescriptions per year, mean (SD) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2.2 (1.3) | 3.5 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.5) |
Change in HbA1c following OAD titration
Metformin dose after titration | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 125 | 250 | 500 | 750 | 850 | 1000 | 1500 | 1700 | 2000 | 2250 | 2550 | 3000 |
-3(-4, -3)#m=487 | -7(-7, -7)#m=1849 | -10(-11, -9)#m=676 | -8(-12, -3)#m=36 | -7(-11, -3)#m=60 | ||||||||
-4(-7, -2)#m=34 | ||||||||||||
6(4, 8)#m=173 | 2(1, 3)#m=105 | -4(-6, -4)#m=906 | -10(-13, -8)#m=87 | |||||||||
6(4, 8)#m=220 | 3(3, 4)#m=1412 | -3(-4, -2)#m=282 | -7(-7, -7)#m=3108 | -9(-12, -6)#m=77 | -14(-18, -11)#m=53 | |||||||
2(1, 3)#m=182 | -3(-4, -2)#m=225 | -7(-9, -6)#m=190 | -8(-12, -4)#m=31 | |||||||||
3(-0, 6)#m=34 | 1(-1, 3)#m=58 | -3(-6, -2)#m=161 | -2(-6, 0)#m=39 | |||||||||
8(4, 10)#m=137 | 8(3, 12)#m=31 | 6(4, 6)#m=1953 | -1(-2, 0)#m=105 | -1(-3, 0)#m=57 | -4(-6, -5)#m=2150 | -7(-7, -6)#m=1670 | -4(-7, -3)#m=198 | -10(-14, -7)#m=47 | -6(-8, -2)#m=47 | |||
12(7, 16)#m=41 | 8(5, 11)#m=96 | 3(1, 6)#m=91 | 4(3, 4)#m=1128 | -3(-3, -2)#m=739 | -4(-6, -3)#m=418 | -7(-7, 6)#m=498 | -8(-9, -7)#m=398 | |||||
13(8, 19)#m=46 | 8(3, 12)#m=38 | 2(1, 3)#m=240 | 6(6, 7)#m=773 | 1(0, 2)#m=142 | -2(-3, -2)#m=611 | -6(-6, -4)#m=1154 | ||||||
4(3, 6)#m=228 | 3(1, 6)#m=82 | 3(1, 4)#m=127 | -3(-4, -2)#m=179 | -3(-6, -2)#m=458 | ||||||||
6(2, 9)#m=34 | 3(3, 4)#m=227 | 1(-2, 3)#m=30 | 1(-2, 3)#m=42 | -4(-4, -3)#m=311 | -4(-7, -2)#m=124 | |||||||
3(0, 7)#m=30 | 6(3, 9)#m=75 | 6(4, 7)#m=165 | 3(3, 4)#m=920 | -1(-2, 0)#m=182 | 3(-0, 6)#m=33 | -3(-4, -2)#m=642 | ||||||
10(6, 14)#m=41 | 9(6, 11)#m=65 | 4(3, 4)#m=438 | 4(2, 7)#m=35 | 2(0, 3)#m=129 |
Glipizide dose after titration | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5 | 7.5 | 10 | 12.5 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 40 |
-8(-9, -7)#m=471 | -11(-12, -10)#m=1283 | -13(-14, -11)#m=364 | -1(-7, 3)#m=41 | |||||||
8(8, 9)#m=596 | -6(-6, -4)#m=660 | -9(-14, -3)#m=51 | ||||||||
10(10, 11)#m=818 | 4(3, 4)#m=815 | -4(-7, -1)#m=82 | -3(-3, -2)#m=1686 | |||||||
2(0, 6)#m=59 | -0(-2, 1)#m=157 | -0(-1, 1)#m=133 | ||||||||
10(9, 12)#m=260 | 3(1, 6)#m=32 | 3(3, 3)#m=1042 | 0(-1, 1)#m=267 | -2(-2, -1)#m=966 | -2(-3, -2)#m=753 | |||||
0(-2, 2)#m=57 | ||||||||||
1(-1, 3)#m=30 | 1(0, 3)#m=50 | 2(1, 3)#m=376 | -1(-1, 0)#m=852 | -1(-2, 1)#m=294 | ||||||
10(6, 13)#m=47 | 2(2, 3)#m=514 | -1(-2, 0)#m=145 | 0(0, 1)#m=362 | -2(-3, -1)#m=617 | -1(-2, 0)#m=465 | |||||
0(-2, 2)#m=72 | 1(-1, 2)#m=95 | -1(-2, 0)#m=444 | ||||||||
7(2, 10)#m=45 | 2(-1, 4)#m=68 | 3(2, 4)#m=259 | 3(2, 4)#m=323 | 2(0, 3)#m=83 | -3(-6, 0)#m=73 |
Gliclazide dose after titration | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 30 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 90 | 120 | 160 | 240 | 320 |
-10(-13, -8)#m=57 | -12(-14, -10)#m=89 | -12(-14, -11)#m=174 | |||||||
8(4, 10)#m=44 | -2(-4, 0)#m=73 | ||||||||
13(10, 15)#m=108 | -6(-7, -3)#m=109 | ||||||||
4(2, 6)#m=49 | -3(-7, 1)#m=38 | -1(-6, 3)#m=33 | |||||||
11(9, 13)#m=91 | 3(2, 4)#m=171 | -3(-4, -2)#m=233 | |||||||
-3(-6, -1)#m=34 | |||||||||
3(2, 4)#m=172 | -1(-4, 1)#m=59 | -3(-6, -1)#m=113 | -4(-7, -2)#m=112 | ||||||
1(-2, 3)#m=50 | -2(-4, 1)#m=77 | ||||||||
2(1, 4)#m=119 | 3(-2, 8)#m=31 |
Tolbutamide dose after titration | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 250 | 500 | 750 | 1000 | 1500 | 2000 | 2250 | 3000 |
-8(-11, -6)#m=52 | -12(-14, -9)#m=103 | |||||||
6(3, 7)#m=90 | -6(-8, -3)#m=92 | |||||||
7(6, 8)#m=177 | 3(2, 4)#m=243 | -3(-7, 0)#m=44 | -6(-7, -4)#m=203 | |||||
1(-1, 2)#m=89 | 1(-3, 6)#m=37 | -6(-8, -2)#m=52 | ||||||
8(3, 11)#m=45 | 4(3, 4)#m=277 | -3(-6, -2)#m=187 | ||||||
3(2, 6)#m=64 | 1(0, 2)#m=190 | -1(-4, 2)#m=42 | -6(-8, -3)#m=96 | |||||
7(3, 11)#m=50 | -7(-11, -3)#m=42 | |||||||
4(3, 6)#m=95 | -4(-7, -2)#m=62 | |||||||
6(2, 9)#m=43 | 3(2, 6)#m=67 |
Sitagliptin dose after titration | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 25 | 50 | 75 | 100 |
-8(-9, -6)#m=266 | -8(-9, -7)#m=411 | -6(-9, -2)#m=86 | ||
8(6, 9)#m=93 | -3(-4, -2)#m=225 | |||
8(6, 10)#m=156 | 3(0, 6)#m=56 | -3(-7, 0)#m=43 | -2(-4, -1)#m=439 | |
1(-3, 6)#m=35 | ||||
7(4, 9)#m=82 | 2(0, 3)#m=91 |
Linagliptin dose after titration | ||
---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5 |
-9(-11, -7)#m=139 | -10(-10, -9)#m=1807 | |
6(2, 9)#m=32 | -3(-6, -1)#m=79 | |
7(6, 8)#m=363 | 2(0, 4)#m=36 |
Dapagliflozin dose after titration | |||
---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5 | 10 |
-9(-11, -6)#m=67 | -9(-10, -8)#m=570 | -11(-11, -10)#m=722 | |
-1(-4, 2)#m=39 | |||
3(1, 7)#m=85 | -3(-4, -2)#m=264 | ||
7(3, 9)#m=96 | 1(-1, 3)#m=76 |
Empagliflozin dose after titration | ||
---|---|---|
0 | 12.5 | 25 |
-8(-10, -6)#m=152 | -7(-9, -5)#m=101 |
Acarbose dose after titration | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 300 |
-3(-6, -1)#m=49 | -4(-7, -3)#m=221 | -7(-8, -4)#m=211 | -7(-11, -1)#m=37 | ||
2(0, 4)#m=52 | -3(-8, 0)#m=34 | ||||
4(2, 6)#m=149 | 3(1, 6)#m=40 | -2(-6, 0)#m=72 | -2(-4, 0)#m=94 | ||
4(2, 6)#m=122 | 0(-1, 2)#m=65 | -2(-3, 0)#m=144 | |||
4(2, 7)#m=67 | 3(2, 6)#m=48 | -1(-3, 1)#m=75 | |||
7(4, 10)#m=82 | 7(3, 9)#m=49 | 3(2, 6)#m=92 |