Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Intervention and randomization
Data collection
Patient follow-up
Statistical analyses
Results
Recruitment
Skin disinfection (chlorhexidine 5 mg/mL in 70 % ethanol) | 36 °C | 20 °C |
---|---|---|
Characteristics |
N = 108 |
N = 112 |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 72 (11.9) | 74 (12.5) |
Body mass index (BMI), mean (SD) | 27 (4.5) | 27 (5.4) |
Length of surgery, minutes, median (IQR) | 33 (30) | 34 (32) |
Colony forming units, median (IQR) | 1180 (4690) | 2080 (4770) |
Male, % | 55 | 57 |
Eczema, % | 6 | 5 |
Incision site hair shorten, % | 31 | 26 |
Diabetes, % | 14 | 18 |
Bacterial skin growth, % | 95 | 96 |
Type of surgery | ||
Device change, % | 45.4 | 46.4 |
DDD, % | 35.2 | 36.6 |
VVI, % | 6.5 | 6.3 |
ICD, % | 1.9 | 3.6 |
CRT, % | 1.9 | 1.8 |
Other, % | 9.2 | 5.4 |
Bacterial growth
Skin disinfection (chlorhexidine 5 mg/mL in 70 % ethanol) | All | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
36 °C | 20 °C | Absolute difference | 36 °C | 20 °C | 36 °C | 20 °C | |
n = 106 |
n = 112 | (90 % CI) |
n = 62 |
n = 62 |
n = 44 |
n = 50 | |
Before skin disinfection | 95.3 | 96.4 | 100 | 100 | 88.6 | 92 | |
After skin disinfectiona
| 28.6 | 28.6 | 0 (−0.101 to 0.101) | 40.3 | 43.5 | 11.6 | 10 |
After incision (wound) | 24.5 | 30.4 | −0.059 (−0,158 to 0.040) | 40.3 | 45.2 | 2.3 | 12 |
Before wound closure (wound) | 53.8 | 62.5 | −0.087 (−0,197 to 0,023) | 74.2 | 82.3 | 25 | 38 |
Culture 1 | Culture 2 | Culture 3 | Culture 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Microorganism | 36 °C | 20 °C | 36 °C | 20 °C | 36 °C | 20 °C | 36 °C | 20 °C |
n = 106 |
n = 112 |
n = 105 |
n = 112 |
n = 106 |
n = 112 |
n = 106 |
n = 112 | |
P. acnes | 83 | 86 | 25 | 25 | 22 | 29 | 47 | 52 |
CoNS | 83 | 90 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 23 | 29 |
S. aureus | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
Alpha-haemolytic | 9 | 9 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Anaerobic diphtheriod rods | 5 | 3 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Bacillus species | 2 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Micrococci | 4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Anaerobic gram-positive cocci | 1 | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | 3 |
Proteus sp. | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
R. mucilaginosa | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Mean cfu/mL | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skin disinfection (Chlorhexine 5 mg/mL in 70 % ethanol) | All | Men | Women | |||
36 °C | 20 °C | 36 °C | 20 °C | 36 °C | 20 °C | |
n = 106 |
n = 112 |
n = 62 |
n = 62 |
n = 44 |
n = 50 | |
Before skin disinfection | 2388 | 2687 | 3516 | 3734 | 825 | 1389 |
After skin disinfection | 298 | 199 | 500 | 277 | 5 | 85 |
After incision (wound) | 347 | 383 | 592 | 576 | 1 | 144 |
Before wound closure (wound) | 973 | 1004 | 1570 | 1615 | 131 | 258 |