Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design
Participants
Interventions
Measurements and outcomes
Compliance
Statistical analysis
Result
Variables | Ginger group (n = 22) | Placebo group (n = 22) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 60.05 ± 11.12 | 59.64 ± 10.69 | 0.902* |
Sex | 0.763† | ||
Men (%) | 11 (50%) | 12 (54.5%) | |
Women (%) | 11 (50%) | 10 (45.5%) | |
Height (29) | 161.46 ± 8.70 | 161.76 ± 9.62 | 0.916* |
Weight (kg) | 69.67 ± 10.76 | 74.55 ± 14.31 | 0.209* |
BMI (kg.m−2) | 26.48 ± 3.71 | 28.41 ± 4.35 | 0.123* |
Dialysis Frequency | 0.709† | ||
Two sessions per week | 4 (18.2%) | 5 (22.7%) | |
Three sessions per week | 18 (81.8%) | 17 (77.3%) | |
Medication history | |||
Insulin therapy | 5 (22.7%) | 4 (18.2%) | 0.709† |
Energy and nutrient intakes, anthropometric parameters
Variables | Ginger group (n = 20) | Placebo group (n = 21) | Mean difference (CI 95%) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (Kcal/d) | ||||
Baseline | 1628.95 ± 292.04 | 1646.77 ± 242.23 | -17.82 (-181.23, 145.60) | 0.827† |
Endpoint | 1650.55 ± 276.88 | 1644.02 ± 232.52 | 10.12 (-55.69, 75.94) | 0.757†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 24.00 (-36.24, 84.24) | 13.28 (-26.82, 53.38) | ||
P-value* | 0.415 | 0.498 | ||
Carbohydrates (g/day) | ||||
Baseline | 216.77 ± 41.20 | 219.30 ± 37.88 | -2.52 (-26.60, 21.56) | 0.834† |
Endpoint | 220.75 ± 39.04 | 219.92 ± 36.32 | 2.91 (-11.10, 16.92) | 0.676†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 3.97 (-6.74, 14.69) | 0.22 (-9.93, 10.36) | ||
P-value* | 0.449 | 0.965 | ||
Carbohydrates (%Kcal) | ||||
Baseline | 50.57 ± 2.54 | 50.53 ± 3.00 | 0.04 (-1.65, 1.73) | 0.966† |
Endpoint | 50.35 ± 2.31 | 50.13 ± 2.44 | 0.22 (-1.30, 1.74) | 0.772†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.13 (-1.65, 1.40) | -0.35 (-2.38, 1.68) | ||
P-value* | 0.863 | 0.722 | ||
Protein (g/day) | ||||
Baseline | 52.42 ± 11.11 | 54.73 ± 9.11 | -2.31 (-8.66, 4.04) | 0.467† |
Endpoint | 52.78 ± 10.23 | 54.18 ± 7.65 | -0.66 (-4.79, 3.47) | 0.748†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 0.25 (-3.21, 3.71) | 0.44 (-3.07, 3.95) | ||
P-value* | 0.881 | 0.796 | ||
Protein (%Kcal) | ||||
Baseline | 12.85 ± 1.71 | 13.38 ± 2.09 | -0.53 (-1.69, 0.64) | 0.367† |
Endpoint | 12.86 ± 1.73 | 13.27 ± 1.51 | -0.24 (-1.12, 0.65) | 0.592†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.04 (-0.84, 0.76) | -0.02 (-0.84, 0.80) | ||
P-value* | 0.925 | 0.957 | ||
Fat (g/day) | ||||
Baseline | 63.17 ± 12.17 | 63.07 ± 12.26 | 0.09 (-6.78, 6.94) | 0.979† |
Endpoint | 64.41 ± 12.13 | 63.94 ± 10.49 | 0.15 (-4.02, 4.33) | 0.941†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 1.18 (-1.88, 4.24) | 1.11 (-2.21, 4.43) | ||
P-value* | 0.429 | 0.495 | ||
Fat (%Kcal) | ||||
Baseline | 34.92 ± 2.71 | 34.46 ± 2.75 | 0.46 (-1.20, 2.13) | 0.576† |
Endpoint | 35.19 ± 3.25 | 34.97 ± 2.80 | 0.10 (-1.76, 1.96) | 0.911†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 0.19 (-1.28, 1.66) | 0.34 (-1.36, 2.05) | ||
P-value* | 0.792 | 0.678 |
Variables | Ginger group (n = 20) | Placebo group (n = 21) | Mean difference (CI 95%) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
SFA (g) | ||||
Baseline | 15.72 ± 4.21 | 13.84 ± 3.94 | 1.87 (-0.61, 4.36) | 0.135† |
Endpoint | 14.75 ± 3.14 | 13.15 ± 2.89 | 0.83 (-0.79, 2.45) | 0.306†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.34 (-1.56, 0.89) | -0.33 (-1.92, 1.27) | ||
P-value* | 0.569 | 0.672 | ||
MUFA (g) | ||||
Baseline | 15.86 ± 3.94 | 14.88 ± 2.65 | 0.99 (-1.06, 3.03) | 0.336† |
Endpoint | 15.67 ± 3.27 | 15.26 ± 2.63 | -0.31 (-1.41, 0.80) | 0.578†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.12 (-0.95, 0.70) | 0.50 (-0.51, 1.50) | ||
P-value* | 0.760 | 0.314 | ||
PUFA (g) | ||||
Baseline | 25.95 ± 5.43 | 28.25 ± 6.70 | -2.30 (-6.01, 1.41) | 0.218† |
Endpoint | 27.70 ± 6.91 | 28.33 ± 6.78 | 0.98 (-2.69, 4.66) | 0.592†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 1.78 (-0.77, 4.34) | -0.17 (-3.19, 2.85) | ||
P-value* | 0.161 | 0.908 | ||
Cholesterol (g) | ||||
Baseline | 201.51 ± 92.72 | 167.50 ± 65.32 | 34.01 (-14.79, 82.81) | 0.167† |
Endpoint | 229.28 ± 86.84 | 170.22 ± 77.06 | 44.73 (-4.44, 93.89) | 0.073†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 30.27 (-7.49, 68.04) | 6.50 (-37.55, 50.55) | ||
P-value* | 0.110 | 0.761 | ||
Fiber (g) | ||||
Baseline | 10.90 ± 2.05 | 11.89 ± 2.18 | -0.99 (-2.28, 0.29) | 0.127† |
Endpoint | 11.37 ± 2.80 | 12.04 ± 2.34 | -0.22 (-1.86, 1.41) | 0.787†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 0.29 (-0.85, 1.43) | -0.90 (-2.82, 1.01) | ||
P-value* | 0.599 | 0.338 | ||
Phosphorus (g) | ||||
Baseline | 597.74 ± 215.21 | 552.68 ± 121.13 | 45.06 (-61.19, 151.32) | 0.397† |
Endpoint | 543.51 ± 204.50 | 508.90 ± 109.00 | 1.98 (-72.23, 76.19) | 0.957†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -53.78 (-116.29, 8.74) | -38.65 (-95.90, 18.60) | ||
P-value* | 0.088 | 0.174 | ||
Potassium (mg) | ||||
Baseline | 1543.34 ± 390.00 | 1815.81 ± 503.23 | -272.47 (-546.39, 1.46) | 0.051† |
Endpoint | 1598.60 ± 400.03 | 1637.86 ± 347.30 | 87.91(-113.59, 289.40) | 0.383†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 49.36 (-97.74, 196.46) | -178.01 (-380.62, 24.60) | ||
P-value* | 0.491 | 0.082 | ||
Sodium (mg) | ||||
Baseline | 1012.87 ± 728.88 | 1253.15 ± 669.49 | -207.44 (-633.77, 218.90) | 0.332† |
Endpoint | 1120.33 ± 720.76 | 1147.49 ± 530.65 | 18.08 (-367.66, 403.82) | 0.925†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 89.16 (-293.59, 471.91) | -46.00 (-393.56, 301.56) | ||
P-value* | 0.631 | 0.785 | ||
Vitamin A (µg) | ||||
Baseline | 896.83 ± 544.52 | 955.40 ± 624.13 | -58.56 (-414.94, 297.81) | 0.742† |
Endpoint | 806.67 ± 398.69 | 860.14 ± 407.91 | -50.31 (291.59, 190.96) | 0.675†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -107.01 (-395.35, 181.33) | -126.88 (-367.23, 113.47) | ||
P-value* | 0.447 | 0.284 | ||
Vitamin C (mg) | ||||
Baseline | 71.27 ± 21.31 | 99.32 ± 76.00 | -28.04 (-62.01, 5.92) | 0.103† |
Endpoint | 56.22 ± 28.18 | 79.95 ± 45.18 | 17.09 (-41.17, 6.98) | 0.159†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -12.26 (-27.36, 2.84) | -21.26 (-55.30, 12.78) | ||
P-value* | 0.592 | 0.207 | ||
Vitamin E (mg) | ||||
Baseline | 2.21 ± 0.87 | 2.16 ± 0.74 | 0.05 (-0.44, 0.54) | 0.842† |
Endpoint | 2.30 ± 1.50 | 2.49 ± 1.33 | -0.26 (-1.09, 0.58) | 0.534†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 0.03 (-0.52, 0.58) | 0.33 (-0.34, 0.99) | ||
P-value* | 0.903 | 0.316 | ||
Zinc (mg) | ||||
Baseline | 4.50 ± 1.14 | 5.25 ± 1.56 | -0.76 (-1.59, 0.07) | 0.073† |
Endpoint | 4.25 ± 1.24 | 4.79 ± 1.23 | -0.22 (-0.93, 0.48) | 0.521†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.22 (-0.79, 0.35) | -0.37 (-0.99, 0.25) | ||
P-value* | 0.425 | 0.229 | ||
Selenium (mg) | ||||
Baseline | 65.68 ± 19.78 | 76.36 ± 21.72 | -10.68 (-23.32, 1.96) | 0.057† |
Endpoint | 63.50 ± 13.87 | 71.43 ± 15.58 | -4.55 (-14.13, 5.03) | 0.342†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | 1.50 (-5.17, 8.17) | -4.76 (-16.15, 6.63) | ||
P-value* | 0.643 | 0.394 | ||
Magnesium (mg) | ||||
Baseline | 125.64 ± 26.17 | 141.77 ± 30.99 | -16.13 (-33.58, 1.32) | 0.069† |
Endpoint | 114.41 ± 33.75 | 137.46 ± 29.48 | -15.90 (-36.25, 4.47) | 0.122†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -12.66 (-31.47, 6.16) | -12.63 (-27.91, 2.65) | ||
P-value* | 0.175 | 0.100 |
Variables | Ginger group (n = 20) | Placebo group (n = 21) | Mean difference (CI 95%) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (kg) | ||||
Baseline | 69.67 ± 10.76 | 74.55 ± 14.31 | -4.88 (-12.58, 2.85) | 0.209† |
Endpoint | 69.79 ± 10.38 | 74.36 ± 15.21 | -0.02 (-0.92, 0.88) | 0.965†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.28 (-0.93, 0.36) | -0.12 (-0.77, 0.54) | ||
P-value* | 0.370 | 0.704 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
Baseline | 26.48 ± 3.71 | 28.41 ± 4.35 | -1.92 (-4.38, 0.54) | 0.123† |
Endpoint | 26.50 ± 3.90 | 28.40 ± 4.58 | -0.14 (-0.36, 0.33) | 0.934†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.11 (-0.36, 0.14) | -0.06 (-0.30, 0.18) | ||
P-value* | 0.364 | 0.614 | ||
Waist circumference (29) | ||||
Baseline | 99.08 ± 10.14 | 104.18 ± 10.44 | 0.53 (-4/71, 3/63) | 0.108† |
Endpoint | 99.05 ± 9.34 | 104.07 ± 11.3 | 0.09 (-0.57, 0.75) | 0.780†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.34 (-0.80, 0.11) | -0.31 (-0.78, 0.17) | ||
P-value* | 0.133 | 0.189 | ||
Hip circumference (29) | ||||
Baseline | 98.88 ± 8.05 | 101.92 ± 9.48 | -3.04 (-8.39, 2.32) | 0.258† |
Endpoint | 98.73 ± 8.01 | 101.99 ± 9.88 | 0.06 (-0.28, 0.40) | 0.541†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.14 (-0.36, 0.07) | -0.21 (-0.51, 0.09) | ||
P-value* | 0.182 | 0.167 | ||
Waist to hip ratio | ||||
Baseline | 1.02 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | - | 0.346# |
Endpoint | 1.02 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.05) | - | 0.401# |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | - | - | ||
P-value** | 0.477 | 0.404 | ||
Physical activity (MET-min/week) | ||||
Baseline | 310.50 (143.75, 594.00) | 241 (198.75, 297.00) | - | 0.533# |
Endpoint | 355.50 (161.25, 583.00) | 266 (198.50, 323.00) | - | 0.308# |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | - | - | ||
P-value** | 0.091 | 0.249 |
Biochemical parameters
Variables | Ginger group (n = 20) | Placebo group (n = 21) | Mean difference (CI 95%) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
FBG (mg/dl) Reference Range (70–115 mg/dl) > 115 mg/dl = Diabetic | ||||
Baseline | 174.59 ± 56.12 | 150.18 ± 33.98 | 22.41 (-3.82, 52.64) | 0.090† |
Endpoint | 132.85 ± 33.20 | 156.71 ± 34.54 | -35.71 (-52.82, -18.60) | ˂0.001††† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -34.20 (-52.67, -15.73) | 4.95 (-5,57, 15.48) | ||
P-value* | 0.001 | 0.338 | ||
Insulin (μIU/ml) Reference Range for Diabetics (0.7–25 μIU/ml) | ||||
Baseline | 11.16 ± 1.68 | 10.53 ± 1.54 | 0.63 (-0.35, 1.61) | 0.199† |
Endpoint | 10.63 ± 1.47 | 10.08 ± 1.37 | 0.26 (-0.55, 1.07) | 0.522††† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.45 (-0.96, 0.07) | -0.50 (-1.20, 0.21) | ||
P-value** | 0.084 | 0.159 | ||
HOMA-IR > 2.5 = Positive for Insulin Resistance | ||||
Baseline | 4.92 ± 2.17 | 3.99 ± 1.33 | 0.93 (-0.17, 2.02) | 0.094† |
Endpoint | 3.53 ± 1.20 | 3.97 ± 1.25 | -0.85 (-1.50, -0.20) | 0.012††† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -1.11 (-1.71, -0.50) | -0.08 (-0.58, 0.43) | ||
P-value* | 0.001 | 0.758 | ||
Urea (mg/dl) Reference Range Men: 18–55 mg/dl Women: 15–43 mg/dl | ||||
Baseline | 102.86 ± 30.45 | 97.73 ± 20.75 | 5.15 (-11.01, 21.31) | 0.517† |
Endpoint | 92.03 ± 26.32 | 104.10 ± 22.91 | -14.73 (-29.05, -0.42) | 0.028†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -14.82 (-26.71, -2.92) | 6.38 (-2.32, 15.09) | ||
P-value* | 0.017 | 0.142 | ||
Cr (mg/dl) Reference Range: (0.6–1.4 mg/dl) | ||||
Baseline | 8.75 ± 2.07 | 8.06 ± 1.73 | 0.69 (-0.47, 1.85) | 0.237† |
Endpoint | 8.05 ± 1.95 | 8.14 ± 1.60 | -0.32 (-1.54, 0.91) | 0.600†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -0.94 (-1.80, -0.08) | 0.08 (-0.61, 0.77) | ||
P-value* | 0.034 | 0.805 | ||
PAB (HK) | ||||
Baseline | 48.66 ± 17.61 | 49.91 ± 20.23 | -1.25 (-12.78, 10.29) | 0.828† |
Endpoint | 43.81 ± 16.37 | 51.42 ± 22.22 | -7.58 (-16.82, 1.66) | 0.105†† |
Mean difference (CI 95%) | -4.98 (-8,76, -1.20) | 1.52 (-7.06, 10.10) | ||
P-value* | 0.013 | 0.716 |