Introduction
Responsible gambling
Voluntary self-exclusion
The present study
Methods
Study design
-
Age: The matched gamblers were required to be in the same age group. The various thresholds for the age groups were adopted from Wardle et al. (2011) where age was categorized into seven groups: <24 years, 24–34 years, 35–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years, 65–74 years, and > 75 years.
-
Gender: The matched gamblers were required to be the same gender.
-
Money wagered: The matched gamblers were required to have been active on the day of the VSE, and they were required to have a similar amount of money wagered in the last 30 days prior to that event. More specifically, the money wagered was only allowed to deviate up to 10% in either direction.
-
Number of active days: The matched gamblers were required to have a similar number of active gambling days (±3 days) in the 30 days prior the VSE.
-
Game type profile: The matched gamblers were required to have played the same type of games in the 30 days prior the VSE. For example, if a player who opted for a VSE played slots, blackjack, and roulette, the matched gamblers were also required to have played the same type of games.
Participants
VSE duration | Number of gamblers | Mean duration of VSE (days) | Mean age (years) | Number of male gamblers | Median money waged 30 days prior VSE | Median number of active days |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short-term | 1,820 | 27 | 39.8 | 875 (48.1%) | 1,078 | 5 |
Long-term | 1,383 | 230 | 38.9 | 767 (55.5%) | 817 | 4 |
3,203 | 115 | 39.4 | 51.3 | 964 | 4 |
Statistical analysis
Ethics
Results
Gamblers returning from a VSE
VSE duration | Number of gamblers | Number of gamblers who returned | Median number of days until return |
---|---|---|---|
Short-term | 1,820 | 1,370 (75.3%) | 7 |
Long-term | 1,383 | 12 (0.9%) | 7 |
3,203 | 43.1% (1,382) | 7 |
Variable |
β
| eβ-1 | Std. error | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 1.910*** | - | 0.283 | < 0.001 |
Gender[male] | -0.430*** | - | 0.114 | < 0.001 |
log(money wagered) | -0.086 | -0.082 | 0.050 | 0.085 |
log(number of bets) | 0.178** | 0.195 | 0.054 | 0.001 |
Number of game types | -0.176* | - | 0.073 | 0.016 |
Number of days | 0.038** | - | 0.013 | 0.004 |
Average number of deposits per day | -0.090** | - | 0.028 | 0.001 |
VSE duration (weeks) | -0.252*** | - | 0.013 | < 0.001 |
Pseudo R2 (CS) | 0.513 | |||
Number of observations | 3,203 |
Gambling behavior after returning from a VSE
Validity of the matched control group
Impact of VSE on money wagered
VSE duration | Number of gamblers | Number of gamblers who return | Gamble more than MP | Gamble more than before | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VSE | MP | VSE | MP | |||
Short-term | 810 | 604 (74.6%) | 622 (76.8%) | 243 (52.1%) | 268 (44.4%) | 238 (38.3%) |
Long-term | 603 | 5 (0.8%) | 289 (47.9%) | 3 (75.0%) | 3 (60.0%) | 126 (43.6%) |
1,413 | 609 (43.1%) | 911 (64.5%) | 246 (52.1%) | 271 (44.5%) | 364 (40.0%) |
Variable |
β
| Std. error | p-value | CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 6.791*** | 0.081 | < 0.001 | [6.632, 6.950] |
Intervention | 0.002 | 0.115 | 0.983 | [-0.223, 0.227] |
Period | -0.606*** | 0.115 | < 0.001 | [-0.831, -0381] |
Intervention:period | 0.096 | 0.162 | 0.555 | [-0.222, 0.414] |
R
2
| 0.025 |