Introduction
Methods
Results
Characteristic | Insulin resistant (n = 40) | Insulin sensitive (n = 40) |
p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 36.4 ± 6.3 | 35.7 ± 5.7 | 0.57 |
Weight (kg) | 116.8 ± 16.7 | 110.1 ± 11.7 | 0.04 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 42.7 ± 4.7 | 39.1 ± 3.0 | 8.37 × 10−5
|
Waist circumference (cm) | 129.8 ± 11.9 | 122.3 ± 11.1 | 0.0061 |
fP Glucose (mmol/l) | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 9.07 × 10−5
|
fS Insulin (pmol/l) | 127 ± 39 | 29 ± 8 | 1.29 × 10−25
|
HOMA-IR | 5.6 ± 2.0 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 7.11 × 10−23
|
fS Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.6 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 0.64 |
fS HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 0.78 |
fS Triacylglycerols (mmol/l) | 1.45 ± 0.7 | 1.02 ± 0.4 | 0.000786 |
Pathwayc
| Observedb
| Expectedb
| Adjusted p value |
---|---|---|---|
TRAIL signalling pathway | 73 | 49 | 0.0024 |
Signalling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 | 70 | 48 | 0.0024 |
GMCSF-mediated signalling events | 70 | 48 | 0.0024 |
IL3-mediated signalling events | 70 | 48 | 0.0024 |
PAR1-mediated thrombin signalling events | 70 | 48 | 0.0024 |
S1P1 pathway | 70 | 47 | 0.0024 |
IFN-γ pathway | 70 | 48 | 0.0024 |
ErbB1 downstream signalling | 70 | 47 | 0.0024 |
β1 integrin cell surface interactions | 78 | 50 | 0.0024 |
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and uPAR-mediated signalling | 70 | 47 | 0.0024 |
Plasma membrane oestrogen receptor signalling | 71 | 48 | 0.0024 |
IGF1 pathway | 70 | 47 | 0.0024 |
Insulin pathway | 70 | 47 | 0.0024 |
Arf6 signalling events | 70 | 47 | 0.0024 |
Probeset | Gene | VAT | VATa
| SAT | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IR | IS | IR/IS | Adjusted p valueb
| IR/IS | IS | IR/IS | Adjusted p valueb
| ||
TC09001184.hg.1 |
PGM5-AS1
| 174 (27) | 219 (34) | 0.79 | 0.002 | 127 | 0.87 | ||
TC09001281.hg.1 |
GKAP1
| 56 (4) | 63 (6) | 0.89 | 0.002 | 56 | 0.90 | 0.021 | |
TC17002851.hg.1 |
GSDMB
| 92 (10) | 112 (19) | 0.82 | 0.0082 | 0.84 | 91 | 0.84 | 0.016 |
TC04000460.hg.1 |
AGPAT9
| 70 (12) | 89 (18) | 0.78 | 0.022 | 0.79 | 55 | 1.00 | |
TC12000227.hg.1 |
PDE3A
| 109 (22) | 133 (22) | 0.82 | 0.028 | 100 | 0.82 | 0.033 | |
TC09001585.hg.1 |
SCAI
| 62 (5) | 69 (7) | 0.90 | 0.034 | 67 | 0.88 | 0.016 | |
TC15000030.hg.1 |
GOLGA8IP
| 195 (17) | 217 (22) | 0.90 | 0.034 | 186 | 0.93 | 0.08 | |
TC05000782.hg.1 |
ARHGAP26
| 127 (18) | 109 (13) | 1.16 | 0.034 | 111 | 1.09 | 0.078 | |
TC22000816.hg.1 |
ST13
| 499 (38) | 558 (57) | 0.89 | 0.035 | 537 | 0.89 | 0.016 | |
TC20000575.hg.1 |
SIGLEC1
| 189 (30) | 164 (18) | 1.15 | 0.035 | 164 | 1.11 | 0.072 | |
TC09000495.hg.1 |
ANP32B
| 215 (14) | 237 (21) | 0.91 | 0.038 | 244 | 0.92 | 0.019 | |
TC15000157.hg.1 |
GOLGA8J
| 228 (24) | 257 (28) | 0.89 | 0.038 | 203 | 0.91 | 0.03 | |
TC05000212.hg.1 |
ISL1
| 80 (10) | 99 (25) | 0.80 | 0.041 | 29 | 0.99 | ||
TC02001974.hg.1 |
PAIP2B
| 96 (10) | 114 (17) | 0.85 | 0.042 | 0.93 | 87 | 0.89 | |
TC15002013.hg.1 |
TARSL2
| 79 (4) | 86 (7) | 0.92 | 0.043 | 83 | 0.94 | 0.078 | |
TC05001954.hg.1 |
FAT2
| 56 (7) | 49 (5) | 1.14 | 0.043 | 76 | 1.11 | ||
TC01003789.hg.1 |
ST13P19
| 52 (5) | 58 (6) | 0.89 | 0.043 | 51 | 0.91 | 0.048 | |
TC15002805.hg.1 |
ULK4P1
| 172 (38) | 220 (50) | 0.78 | 0.047 | 142 | 0.82 | 0.019 | |
TC17001703.hg.1 |
MBTD1
| 106 (7) | 116 (11) | 0.91 | 0.048 | 109 | 0.92 | 0.031 | |
TC20000926.hg.1 |
KCNB1
| 150 (20) | 127 (23) | 1.18 | 0.052 | 159 | 1.12 | ||
TC06004132.hg.1 |
MOCS1
| 162 (33) | 205 (40) | 0.79 | 0.052 | 190 | 0.86 | 0.014 | |
TC05001714.hg.1 |
LOX
| 206 (38) | 169 (29) | 1.22 | 0.052 | 291 | 1.07 | ||
TC05001317.hg.1 |
CCL28
| 58 (4) | 63 (6) | 0.91 | 0.058 | 61 | 0.97 | ||
TC07001811.hg.1 |
AASS
| 103 (11) | 118 (16) | 0.88 | 0.059 | 95 | 0.85 | 0.021 | |
TC08002581.hg.1 |
CA3
| 110 (59) | 242 (176) | 0.45 | 0.062 | 0.42 | 99 | 0.81 | |
TC03000892.hg.1 |
SERPINI1
| 49 (5) | 54 (6) | 0.91 | 0.062 | 0.81 | 36 | 0.95 | |
TC11000898.hg.1 |
NAALAD2
| 39 (7) | 48 (10) | 0.80 | 0.066 | 54 | 0.74 | 0.019 | |
TC15000160.hg.1 |
ULK4P3
| 147 (37) | 188 (43) | 0.78 | 0.07 | 115 | 0.80 | 0.02 | |
TC01000619.hg.1 |
CDKN2C
| 110 (18) | 134 (25) | 0.82 | 0.072 | 134 | 0.92 | ||
TC10000289.hg.1 |
RASSF4
| 142 (19) | 126 (13) | 1.13 | 0.072 | 1.23 | 153 | 1.12 | 0.059 |
TC19000034.hg.1 |
CIRBP
| 565 (44) | 615 (54) | 0.92 | 0.072 | 564 | 0.97 | ||
TC18000224.hg.1 |
PHLPP1
| 91 (6) | 101 (9) | 0.91 | 0.072 | 105 | 0.89 | 0.03 | |
TC13000436.hg.1 |
UPF3A
| 177 (13) | 190 (16) | 0.93 | 0.072 | 209 | 0.96 | ||
TC04001410.hg.1 |
ADH1B
| 3013 (467) | 3478 (495) | 0.87 | 0.074 | 3236 | 0.80 | 0.017 | |
TC15001546.hg.1 |
DAPK2
| 146 (21) | 171 (26) | 0.86 | 0.074 | 159 | 0.85 | 0.0088 | |
TC04001305.hg.1 |
CXCL10
| 60 (57) | 36 (11) | 1.67 | 0.074 | 57 | 0.99 | ||
TC09000319.hg.1 |
TJP2
| 166 (14) | 179 (14) | 0.93 | 0.074 | 194 | 0.98 | ||
TC03000187.hg.1 |
MYD88
| 172 (16) | 158 (14) | 1.09 | 0.076 | 1.12 | 193 | 1.06 | |
TC07001493.hg.1 |
GTF2IRD2P1
| 151 (14) | 163 (15) | 0.92 | 0.081 | 158 | 0.92 | ||
TC02002891.hg.1 |
ARL4C
| 77 (9) | 69 (10) | 1.12 | 0.081 | 61 | 1.09 | ||
TC09002904.hg.1 |
NIPSNAP3B
| 78 (20) | 102 (28) | 0.77 | 0.081 | 96 | 0.77 | 0.019 | |
TC12001300.hg.1 |
ABCC9
| 338 (63) | 391 (63) | 0.86 | 0.082 | 630 | 0.75 | 0.0026 | |
TC12001299.hg.1 |
KCNJ8
| 129 (11) | 142 (14) | 0.91 | 0.088 | 144 | 0.89 | 0.02 | |
TC11000933.hg.1 |
CEP57
| 98 (7) | 107 (13) | 0.92 | 0.089 | 110 | 0.89 | 0.019 | |
TC11000802.hg.1 |
SLCO2B1
| 264 (66) | 213 (52) | 1.24 | 0.094 | 1.26 | 217 | 1.19 | 0.087 |
TC02000395.hg.1 |
PNO1
| 57 (5) | 53 (4) | 1.08 | 0.094 | 71 | 1.06 | ||
TC01001043.hg.1 |
PHGDH
| 119 (15) | 135 (22) | 0.88 | 0.094 | 92 | 0.91 | ||
TC11001197.hg.1 |
ADAMTS15
| 98 (12) | 88 (10) | 1.11 | 0.094 | 110 | 1.28 | 0.021 | |
TC18000132.hg.1 |
RNF125
| 95 (10) | 109 (15) | 0.88 | 0.094 | 104 | 0.95 | ||
TC02002086.hg.1 |
ANKRD20A8P
| 42 (6) | 47 (7) | 0.91 | 0.094 | 41 | 0.92 | 0.07 | |
TC01001866.hg.1 |
ADCK3
| 181 (13) | 201 (23) | 0.90 | 0.095 | 192 | 0.93 | 0.071 |
Probe | Gene | Relation to gene region | DNA methylation | Gene expression | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IS average | IR − IS |
p value | T2Db,c [10] | BMIb,d [20] | GBPb,e [12] | IS average | IR/IS |
p value | |||
cg07251857 | ALPK3 | 1st exon | 0.546 | 0.026 | 0.022 | 0.016 | 76 | 0.89 | 2.56 × 10−3
| ||
cg06532379 |
ALPK3
| 1st exon | 0.193 | 0.039 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 76 | 0.89 | 2.56 × 10−3
| ||
cg14080050 |
B4GALT1
| Body | 0.447 | −0.037 | 0.015 | −0.014 | 228 | 1.10 | 1.48 × 10−3
| ||
cg13858803 |
B4GALT1
| Body | 0.566 | 0.027 | 0.040 | 0.027 | 228 | 1.10 | 1.48 × 10−3
| ||
cg00300298 |
BCL2L1
| Body | 0.251 | −0.037 | 0.038 | −0.019 | 151 | 1.07 | 2.01 × 10−3
| ||
cg12873919 |
BCL2L1
| Body | 0.504 | −0.036 | 0.032 | 151 | 1.07 | 2.01 × 10−3
| |||
cg03290977 |
C1QTNF7
| Body | 0.247 | −0.035 | 0.034 | −0.024 | 44 | 0.86 | 3.28x10−3
| ||
cg01939704 |
C1QTNF7
| Body | 0.616 | 0.020 | 0.022 | 44 | 0.86 | 3.28 × 10−3
| |||
cg07538039 |
C1QTNF7
| Body | 0.610 | 0.025 | 0.021 | 44 | 0.86 | 3.28 × 10−3
| |||
cg06097727 |
C1QTNF7
| Body | 0.547 | 0.035 | 0.043 | 0.016 | 44 | 0.86 | 3.28 × 10−3
| ||
cg24829483 |
C1QTNF7
| 5′UTR | 0.633 | 0.039 | 0.034 | 44 | 0.86 | 3.28 × 10−3
| |||
cg00545229 |
C1QTNF7
| TSS200 | 0.563 | 0.041 | 0.018 | 44 | 0.86 | 3.28 × 10−3
| |||
cg15372098 |
C3orf26
| Body | 0.027 | −0.016 | 0.014 | 69 | 0.92 | 3.98 × 10−4
| |||
cg00991994 |
C3orf26
| Body | 0.401 | 0.055 | 0.039 | 0.067 | 0.035 | 69 | 0.92 | 3.98 × 10−4
| |
cg17351376 |
CD248
| 1st exon | 0.504 | 0.019 | 0.032 | 239 | 1.42 | 1.03 × 10−3
| |||
cg07145284 |
CD248
| TSS200 | 0.085 | 0.029 | 0.038 | 0.018 | 239 | 1.42 | 1.03 × 10−3
| ||
cg00350296 |
CD248
| TSS1500 | 0.158 | 0.041 | 0.018 | 0.022 | 239 | 1.42 | 1.03 × 10−3
| ||
cg13860849 |
CD248
| 1st exon | 0.191 | 0.054 | 0.002 | 0.015 | 239 | 1.42 | 1.03 × 10−3
| ||
cg10772263 |
CHST3
| 5′UTR | 0.322 | 0.020 | 0.028 | 0.025 | 113 | 1.17 | 1.31 × 10−3
| ||
cg04268405 |
CHST3
| TSS1500 | 0.369 | 0.042 | 0.024 | 0.219 | 113 | 1.17 | 1.31 × 10−3
| ||
cg12081643 |
COL4A1
| 3′UTR | 0.670 | −0.042 | 0.008 | 530 | 1.17 | 1.34 × 10−3
| |||
cg20818806 |
COL4A1
| Body | 0.299 | 0.042 | 0.019 | 530 | 1.17 | 1.34 × 10−3
| |||
cg02658690 |
COL4A1
| Body | 0.207 | 0.042 | 0.014 | 0.218 | 530 | 1.17 | 1.34 × 10−3
| ||
cg10908116 |
COL4A1
| Body | 0.247 | 0.043 | 0.017 | 0.053 | 0.026 | 530 | 1.17 | 1.34 × 10−3
| |
cg02099572 |
COL4A1
| Body | 0.140 | 0.047 | 0.005 | 0.056 | 530 | 1.17 | 1.34 × 10−3
| ||
cg03430597 |
COL5A1
| Body | 0.751 | 0.018 | 0.004 | 0.018 | 162 | 1.10 | 5.97 × 10−4
| ||
cg24354213 |
COL5A1
| Body | 0.601 | 0.027 | 0.023 | 0.014 | 162 | 1.10 | 5.97 × 10−4
| ||
cg14274542 |
COL5A1
| Body | 0.596 | 0.037 | 0.019 | 0.012 | 162 | 1.10 | 5.97 × 10−4
| ||
cg10765212 |
COL5A2
| TSS200 | 0.129 | 0.021 | 0.047 | 246 | 1.20 | 3.25 × 10−4
| |||
cg15194531 |
FMNL1
| Body | 0.466 | 0.041 | 0.005 | 0.018 | 165 | 1.09 | 5.32 × 10−4
| ||
cg08145262 |
FRS2
| 5′UTR | 0.658 | 0.031 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 155 | 0.93 | 1.64 × 10−3
| ||
cg19563525 |
FRS2
| 5′UTR | 0.382 | 0.035 | 0.006 | 0.017 | 155 | 0.93 | 1.64 × 10−3
| ||
cg10227830 |
GAB1
| Body | 0.272 | 0.039 | 0.016 | 141 | 0.89 | 1.53 × 10−4
| |||
cg25911551 |
GAB1
| Body | 0.494 | 0.046 | 0.049 | 0.019 | 141 | 0.89 | 1.53 × 10−4
| ||
cg08202226 |
GATAD2B
| TSS1500 | 0.793 | −0.057 | 0.018 | −0.029 | 282 | 0.94 | 3.97 × 10−3
| ||
cg05514401 |
IRS2
| 1st exon | 0.792 | 0.031 | 0.002 | 0.028 | 242 | 0.85 | 1.24 × 10−3
| ||
cg11624345 |
KCNN4
| Body | 0.391 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.014 | 87 | 1.06 | 4.11 × 10−3
| ||
cg03731131 |
KCNN4
| Body | 0.378 | 0.032 | 0.039 | 87 | 1.06 | 4.11 × 10−3
| |||
cg22904711 |
KCNN4
| Body | 0.313 | 0.060 | 0.002 | 0.047 | 0.015 | 87 | 1.06 | 4.11 × 10−3
| |
cg14616541 |
MYH10
| Body | 0.834 | 0.024 | 0.010 | 292 | 0.87 | 1.64 × 10−3
| |||
cg22588546 |
MYH10
| Body | 0.496 | 0.047 | 0.008 | 0.039 | 292 | 0.87 | 1.64 × 10−3
| ||
cg21542094 |
PFKFB3
| TSS1500 | 0.081 | −0.001 | 0.025 | −0.013 | 542 | 0.80 | 5.53 × 10−5
| ||
cg00902516 |
PFKFB3
| Body | 0.739 | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 542 | 0.80 | 5.53 × 10−5
| ||
cg03261682 |
PFKFB3
| Body | 0.780 | 0.028 | 0.006 | 0.026 | 542 | 0.80 | 5.53 × 10−5
| ||
cg05686026 |
PFKFB3
| Body | 0.683 | 0.045 | 0.001 | 0.033 | 542 | 0.80 | 5.53 × 10−5
| ||
cg03478610 |
PPP2R3A
| 5′UTR | 0.871 | −0.031 | 0.034 | −0.014 | 91 | 0.93 | 1.49 × 10−3
| ||
cg00369142 |
PPP2R3A
| 3′UTR | 0.378 | 0.044 | 0.013 | 0.060 | 0.025 | 91 | 0.93 | 1.49 × 10−3
| |
cg11468953 |
PTPRJ
| Body | 0.519 | −0.039 | 0.027 | −0.020 | 139 | 1.18 | 3.07 × 10−3
| ||
cg12124589 |
QSOX1
| Body | 0.775 | −0.032 | 0.027 | −0.020 | 175 | 1.08 | 1.70 × 10−3
| ||
cg09505809 |
QSOX1
| TSS1500 | 0.179 | 0.039 | 0.031 | 175 | 1.08 | 1.70 × 10−3
| |||
cg00971364 |
RBMS3
| TSS200 | 0.043 | −0.018 | 0.034 | 381 | 0.90 | 5.14 × 10−4
| |||
cg23537305 |
RBMS3
| Body | 0.819 | 0.016 | 0.045 | 0.017 | 381 | 0.90 | 5.14 × 10−4
| ||
cg20299414 |
RBMS3
| Body | 0.729 | 0.035 | 0.018 | 0.013 | 381 | 0.90 | 5.14 × 10−4
| ||
cg27569887 |
RBMS3
| 3′UTR | 0.698 | 0.043 | 0.026 | 381 | 0.90 | 5.14 × 10−4
| |||
cg16572224 |
SH3PXD2B
| Body | 0.816 | −0.049 | 0.002 | −0.039 | −0.019 | 145 | 1.13 | 4.76 × 10−3
| |
cg05223396 |
SH3PXD2B
| Body | 0.404 | 0.025 | 0.049 | 145 | 1.13 | 4.76 × 10−3
| |||
cg09744420 |
STX11
| Body | 0.654 | 0.041 | 0.002 | 0.020 | 356 | 0.89 | 2.98 × 10−3
| ||
cg19841369 |
SYNE2
| Body | 0.159 | 0.028 | 0.044 | 0.016 | 236 | 0.89 | 2.18 × 10−3
| ||
cg16725974 |
SYNE2
| 5′UTR | 0.532 | 0.046 | 0.027 | 0.057 | 0.022 | 236 | 0.89 | 2.18 × 10−3
| |
cg23250157 |
SYNE2
| Body | 0.756 | 0.061 | 0.018 | 236 | 0.89 | 2.18 × 10−3
| |||
cg18837713 |
ZDHHC17
| Body | 0.616 | 0.045 | 0.010 | 0.027 | 161 | 0.94 | 5.15 × 10−3
|
Probe | Gene | Relation to gene region | DNA methylation | Gene expression | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IR | IS | IR − IS |
p value | IS | IR/IS |
p value | |||
cg17133045 |
AKT3
| Body | 0.761 (0.047) | 0.735 (0.051) | 0.026 | 0.007 | 144 | 0.92 | 4.38 × 10−3
|
cg04221461 |
AKT3
| Body | 0.524 (0.070) | 0.490 (0.043) | 0.034 | 0.002 | 144 | 0.92 | 4.38 × 10−3
|
cg08428486 |
BRAF
| Body | 0.807 (0.122) | 0.833 (0.035) | −0.026 | 0.048 | 235 | 0.92 | 3.96 × 10−4
|
cg25204078 |
BRAF
| TSS1500 | 0.771 (0.040) | 0.757 (0.042) | 0.014 | 0.034 | 235 | 0.92 | 3.96 × 10−4
|
cg06748146 |
HK1
| Body | 0.734 (0.047) | 0.709 (0.044) | 0.026 | 0.007 | 170 | 1.09 | 3.07 × 10−3
|
cg05514401 |
IRS2
| 1st exon | 0.823 (0.065) | 0.792 (0.048) | 0.031 | 0.002 | 242 | 0.85 | 1.24 × 10−3
|
cg18932526 |
MAPK8
| TSS1500 | 0.907 (0.099) | 0.929 (0.020) | −0.022 | 0.020 | 73 | 0.94 | 3.47 × 10−3
|
cg19612574 |
MAPK8
| TSS1500 | 0.935 (0.074) | 0.950 (0.019) | −0.015 | 0.022 | 73 | 0.94 | 3.47 × 10−3
|
cg20994699 |
PDX103A
| Body | 0.572 (0.092) | 0.544 (0.086) | 0.028 | 0.048 | 100 | 0.82 | 4.48 × 10−4
|
cg03465562 |
PHKA2
| Body | 0.929 (0.092) | 0.953 (0.019) | −0.024 | 0.021 | 167 | 0.91 | 9.80 × 10−4
|
Probe | Gene | Relation to gene region | DNA methylation | Gene expression | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IR | IS | IR − IS |
p value | IS | IR/IS |
p value | |||||
cg17174775 |
AASS
| TSS1500 | 0.016 | 0.039 | 0.027 | 0.033 | −0.011 | 0.0022 | 118 | 0.88 | 0.000121 |
cg09711028 |
ABCC9
| Body | 0.913 | 0.041 | 0.897 | 0.046 | 0.016 | 0.033 | 391 | 0.86 | 0.000303 |
cg16236108 |
AGPAT9
| TSS200 | 0.062 | 0.042 | 0.076 | 0.04 | −0.014 | 0.027 | 89 | 0.78 | 7.62 × 10−6
|
cg14229247b
|
ANP32B
| TSS1500 | 0.04 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.046 | −0.009 | 0.038 | 237 | 0.91 | 3.61 × 10−5
|
cg08400424b
|
ARHGAP26
| Body | 0.55 | 0.1 | 0.597 | 0.103 | −0.047 | 0.028 | 109 | 1.16 | 2.33 × 10−5
|
cg05185926 |
ARHGAP26
| 3′UTR | 0.712 | 0.101 | 0.75 | 0.121 | −0.038 | 0.025 | 109 | 1.16 | 2.33 × 10−5
|
cg11796181b
|
ARHGAP26
| Body | 0.754 | 0.043 | 0.708 | 0.047 | 0.046 | 0.00017 | 109 | 1.16 | 2.33 × 10−5
|
cg12264626 |
CA3
| TSS1500 | 0.183 | 0.054 | 0.162 | 0.095 | 0.021 | 0.036 | 242 | 0.45 | 0.000136 |
cg00908631 |
CDKN2C
| TSS1500 | 0.668 | 0.052 | 0.632 | 0.06 | 0.036 | 0.0011 | 134 | 0.82 | 0.000184 |
cg10156302 |
DAPK2
| Body | 0.605 | 0.091 | 0.552 | 0.111 | 0.053 | 0.01 | 171 | 0.86 | 0.000235 |
cg23165541 |
DAPK2
| 5′UTR | 0.403 | 0.094 | 0.363 | 0.09 | 0.039 | 0.014 | 171 | 0.86 | 0.000235 |
cg06904649 |
DAPK2
| Body | 0.767 | 0.037 | 0.744 | 0.043 | 0.022 | 0.043 | 171 | 0.86 | 0.000235 |
cg16151151 |
ISL1
| Body | 0.196 | 0.069 | 0.172 | 0.095 | 0.024 | 0.016 | 99 | 0.8 | 0.000045 |
cg17686487 |
ISL1
| Body | 0.434 | 0.082 | 0.395 | 0.089 | 0.039 | 0.012 | 99 | 0.8 | 0.000045 |
cg16270526 |
ISL1
| Body | 0.225 | 0.069 | 0.185 | 0.077 | 0.04 | 0.023 | 99 | 0.8 | 0.000045 |
cg26422022 |
LOX
| TSS200 | 0.032 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.036 | −0.007 | 0.040419 | 169 | 1.22 | 9.74 × 10−5
|
cg22836153 |
LOX
| Body | 0.057 | 0.038 | 0.065 | 0.033 | −0.008 | 0.042 | 169 | 1.22 | 9.74 × 10−5
|
cg03422350 |
MOCS1
| Body | 0.722 | 0.068 | 0.68 | 0.071 | 0.042 | 0.031 | 205 | 0.79 | 9.42 × 10−5
|
cg10791278 |
MOCS1
| Body | 0.782 | 0.056 | 0.737 | 0.061 | 0.045 | 0.0016 | 205 | 0.79 | 9.42 × 10−5
|
cg06023702 |
PAIP2B
| TSS200 | 0.029 | 0.043 | 0.04 | 0.041 | −0.011 | 0.018 | 114 | 0.85 | 5.02 × 10−5
|
cg06241044 |
PAIP2B
| 5′UTR | 0.265 | 0.052 | 0.242 | 0.066 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 114 | 0.85 | 5.02 × 10−5
|
cg22999327 |
PDE3A
| Body | 0.53 | 0.105 | 0.485 | 0.124 | 0.045 | 0.028 | 133 | 0.82 | 1.19 × 10−5
|
cg02631767 |
PDE3A
| Body | 0.875 | 0.056 | 0.857 | 0.058 | 0.018 | 0.048 | 133 | 0.82 | 1.19 × 10−5
|
cg04857033 |
PHGDH
| Body | 0.376 | 0.078 | 0.336 | 0.089 | 0.04 | 0.049 | 135 | 0.88 | 0.00039 |
cg26166935 |
PHLPP1
| Body | 0.857 | 0.039 | 0.837 | 0.037 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 101 | 0.91 | 0.000203 |
cg03299121 |
PNO1
| TSS200 | 0.055 | 0.044 | 0.064 | 0.041 | −0.01 | 0.0003 | 53 | 1.08 | 0.000385 |
cg06123940 |
RNF125
| TSS1500 | 0.798 | 0.044 | 0.785 | 0.043 | 0.012 | 0.029 | 109 | 0.88 | 0.0004 |
cg18101249 |
RNF125
| Body | 0.082 | 0.049 | 0.089 | 0.037 | −0.006 | 0.046 | 109 | 0.88 | 0.0004 |
cg13849419 |
TJP2
| Body | 0.509 | 0.095 | 0.468 | 0.106 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 179 | 0.93 | 0.000239 |
Discussion
Gene | Expression and CpG-methylation in SAT: observations from the current study | Previously reported findings of gene/protein function |
---|---|---|
GAB1
| SAT CpG methylation in the gene body was inversely associated with gene expression and IR was associated with lower GAB1 expression (fold change IR vs IS: 0.89) | GAB1 is an adaptor molecule that can stimulate adipocyte glucose uptake through a GAB1/PI 3-kinase/PKB/AS160 pathway [31] |
PFKFB3
| SAT CpG methylation in the promoter was directly associated with gene expression, whilst CpG methylation in the gene body was inversely associated. IR was associated with lower PFKFB3 expression (fold change IR vs IS: 0.80) | PFKFB3 regulates the steady-state concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a potent activator of a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis. Fat cell overexpression of PFKFB3 enhances insulin sensitivity [32] |
IRS2
| SAT CpG methylation in the 5′ region was inversely associated with gene expression and IR was associated with lower IRS2 expression (fold change IR vs IS: 0.85) | IRS2 mediates the effects of insulin on glucose homeostasis and cell growth |
PTPRJ
| SAT CpG methylation in the gene body was inversely associated with gene expression and IR was associated with higher PTPRJ expression (fold change IR vs IS: 1.18) | Recently it was shown that high-fat diet fed Ptprj
−/− mice displayed enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance, thus establishing PTPRJ as a negative regulator of insulin signalling [33] |