Introduction
Methods
Search strategy and study selection
Data collection
Estimation of EH and symptom prevalences
Quality assessment
Graphical clustering
Results
Study selection
Feature | Descriptiona | Sample sizesb (n) | Agec (year) | Estimated prevalence (%) | Ranged | Reliabilitye | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headache | Headache N.O.S. | 55–119 | > 19 | 64.1 | 41.2–81 | 3 | |
Tinnitus | Tinnitus N.O.S. | 55–501,306 | > 37 | 82.1 | 59–91.4 | 2 | |
Dizziness** | Dizziness N.O.S. | – | – | 100 | – | 1 | - |
Hearing loss | Any subjective difficulty with hearing | 55–1376 | > 37 | 76.4 | 55–93 | 2 | |
Otalgia | Otalgia N.O.S. | 55 | – | 17 | – | 1 | [41] |
Aural fullness | Aural fullness N.O.S. | 37–726 | > 20 | 73.4 | 65–80.6 | 3 | |
Migraine | Migrainous headaches | 37–119 | > 18 | 27.4 | 8.4–51 | 2 | |
Vertigo | Vertigo N.O.S. | 37 | > 20 | 100 | – | 1 | [44] |
Falls | Falls without external factors | 501,306 | > 37 | 14.6 | 13.7–15.4 | 2 | [43] |
EH (histology) | Endolymphatic hydrops in any part of the labyrinth except for the apical turn | 28–165 | – | 99.4 | 98.8–100 | 3 | |
EH (radiology) | Mild cochlear or vestibular hydrops | 18–396 | > 7 | 82.3 | 44.4–100 | 3 | |
EH (radiology) | Mild cochlear or vestibular hydrops in the asymptomatic contralateral ear | 23–198 | > 7 | 27.6 | 8.6–65 | 3 | |
EH* (radiology) | Mild cochlear or vestibular hydrops in “possible” MD | 7–122 | > 16 | 77.7 | 41.1–100 | 3 |
Feature | Definitiona | Sample sizesb (n) | Agec (year) | Estimated prevalence (%) | Ranged | Reliabilitye | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headache | Headache N.O.S. | 122–541 | > 13 | 25.2 | 18–36 | 4 | |
Tinnitus | Tinnitus N.O.S. | 122–541 | > 13 | 63.8 | 56–83 | 3 | |
Dizziness | Dizziness N.O.S. | 126–206 | > 17 | 33.3 | 23–48 | 2 | |
Hearing loss | Any subjective or objective hearing loss | 122–541 | > 13 | 91 | 85–97 | 3 | |
Otalgia | Otalgia N.O.S. | 126 | > 17 | 12 | – | 1 | [56] |
Aural fullness | Ear pressure N.O.S. | 541 | Adults | 28 | – | 2 | [54] |
Migraine | Migraine (diagnostic criteria) | 122 | > 13 | 4.9 | – | 1 | [52] |
Vertigo | Vertigo N.O.S. | 122–206 | > 13 | 24.4 | 5,3–49 | 2 | |
CPA tumor (radiology) | Requirement for diagnosis | – | – | 100 | – | 1 | – |
EH (histology) | Distension of Reissner’s membrane in vestibule or cochlea | 11–12 | > 44 | 48.2 | 36.4–60 | 2 | |
EH* (radiology) | Cochlear or vestibular hydrops | 13–183 | > 26 | 25.9 | 21–30.8 | 1 |
Feature | Descriptiona | Sample sizesb (n) | Agec (year) | Estimated prevalence (%) | Ranged | Reliabilitye | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headache | Headache N.O.S. | 71–84 | - | 97.1 | 95.2–99 | 2 | |
Tinnitus | Tinnitus N.O.S. | 16–252 | > 19 | 44.8 | 26–55 | 1 | |
Hearing loss | Any subjective difficulty with hearing | 71–252 | > 19 | 32.5 | 14–89 | 2 | |
Otalgia | Otalgia N.O.S. | 71 | – | 27 | – | 1 | [41] |
Aural fullness | Aural fullness N.O.S. | 16–252 | > 19 | 37.6 | 12–70 | 2 | |
Migraine | Migrainous headaches | 16–84 | Adults | 80 | 56–100 | 2 | |
Vertigo | Sensation of spinning, swaying or tilting | 252 | > 19 | 73 | – | 1 | [57] |
EH (radiology) | Mild cochlear or vestibular hydrops | 7–60 | > 26 | 28.1 | 0–85.7 | 1 |
Study characteristics and data collection
Estimation of EH and symptom prevalence
Feature | Descriptiona | Sample sizesb (n) | Agec (years) | Estimated prevalence (%) | Ranged | Reliabilitye | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headache | Headache N.O.S. | > 200 | > 3 | 41.1 | 16–60.2 | 4 | |
Tinnitus | Tinnitus N.O.S. | 4083–15,445 | > 14 | 18.6 | 17–20.3 | 4 | |
Dizziness | Dizziness N.O.S. | 1003–3267 | > 18 | 18.5 | 16.7–24.2 | 5 | |
Hearing loss | Any objective hearing loss > 25 dB | 3267–7490 | > 18 | 12.9 | 7.2–16.1 | 5 | |
Otalgia | Otalgia not associated with infection or otitis | 411 | > 25 | 12.5 | – | 1 | [71] |
Aural fullness | Aural fullness not associated with infection | 411–866 | > 25 | 12.4 | 7–17.8 | 2 | |
Migraine | Migraine (diagnostic criteria) | > 200 | > 3 | 10.5 | 10–11 | 4 | |
Vertigo | Rotational, positional or recurrent vertigo | 1003–4869 | > 18 | 8.4 | 4.9–15.2 | 4 | |
Falls | Falls without external factors | 2394–3267 | > 40 | 5.5 | 1.5–11.5 | 5 | |
CPA tumor (radiology) | Cerebellopontine angle tumor on MRI | 2000 | > 45 | 0.2 | – | 1 | [75] |
EH (histology) | Distension of Reissner’s membrane in vestibule or cochlea | 560–703 | > 0 | 14.3 | 9–19.5 | 4 |
Feature | Descriptiona | Sample sizesb (n) | Agec (year) | Estimated prevalence (%) | Ranged | Reliabilitye | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headache* | Headache N.O.S. | – | – | 20.1 | – | 1 | [77] |
Tinnitus | Tinnitus N.O.S. | 78–501,306 | > 10 | 20.4 | 8.1–32.5 | 2 | |
Hearing loss | Any subjective difficulty with hearing | 78–501,306 | > 37 | 26.2 | 25.4–27 | 3 | |
Dizziness | Dizziness N.O.S. | 78–282 | > 10 | 17 | 16–18 | 3 | |
Otalgia | Otalgia not associated with infection or otitis | 1387 | > 18 | 25.5 | – | 1 | [81] |
Aural fullness | Aural fullness not associated with infection | 78 | > 10 | 12 | – | 1 | [79] |
Migraine | Migraine (diagnostic criteria) | 501,306 | > 37 | 2.9 | – | 2 | [43] |
Vertigo | Rotational, positional or recurrent vertigo | 326–368 | > 11 | 4.9 | 3.5–7.3 | 3 | |
Falls | Falls without external factors | 282–501,306 | > 37 | 3.8 | 1–6.6 | 4 | |
CPA tumor (radiology) | Cerebellopontine angle tumor on MRI | 24,246–46,414 | > 20 | 0.05 | 0.02–0.07 | 4 | |
EH (histology) | Distension of Reissner’s membrane in the cochlea | 24–118 | > 0 | 12.5 | 3.5–17 | 3 | |
EH (radiology) | Mild cochlear or vestibular hydrops | 22–32 | > 20 | 31 | 0–100 | 3 |
Clustering of features
In Menière’s disease
In vestibular schwannoma
In vestibular migraine
Comparison between the vestibular disorders
The diagnostic performance of hydrops imaging in Menière’s disease
Semi-quantitative grading method [13] | Features beyond hydrops | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, year, reference | Author, year, reference | ||||
Conte, 2019 [25] | MD (n = 27) vs. Healthy (n = 24) | Conte, 2019 [25] | MD (n = 27) vs. Healthy (n = 24) | ||
Vestibular EH | SE: 74 (53–88) | Cochlear EH | SE: 74 (53–88) | Marker: | SE: 81 (61–93) |
“Mild” | SP: 83 (62–95) | “Mild” | SP: 96 (77–100) | “VESCO” | SP: 96 (77–100) |
PPV: 83(62–95) | PPV: 95 (74–100) | PPV: 96 (76–100) | |||
NPV: 74 (53–88) | NPV: 77 (57–89) | NPV: 82 (62–93) | |||
Yoshida, 2018 [27] | MD (n = 52) vs. Healthy (n = 42) | Bernaerts, 2019 [85] | MD (n = 78) vs. Contralateral (n = 78) | ||
Vestibular EH | SE: 94 | Cochlear EH | SE: 87 | Marker: | SE: 85 |
“Mild” | SP: 93 | “Mild” | SP: 62 | addition of “Cochlear PE” | SP: 92 |
PPV: 94 | PPV: 74 | ||||
NPV: 93 | NPV:79 | ||||
Vestibular EH | SE: 77 | Cochlear EH | SE: 71 | Attyé, 2017 [39] | MD (n = 30) vs. Healthy (n = 30) |
“Significant” | SP:100 | “Significant” | SP: 91 | Marker | SE: 50 |
PPV: 100 | PPV: 90 | “SURI” | SP:100 | ||
NPV: 78 | NPV: 72 | ||||
Attyé, 2017 [39] | MD (n = 30) vs. Healthy (n = 30) | ||||
Vestibular EH | SE: 77 | Cochlear EH | SE: 60 | ||
“Mild” | SP: 10 | “Mild” | SP: 33 | ||
Vestibular EH | SE: 47 | Cochlear EH | SE: 37 | ||
“Significant” | SP: 70 | “Significant” | SP: 87 |