Background
Methods
Study design
The Nord-Trøndelag health study
Study population
C-reactive protein
Headache questionnaire
Questionnaire-based diagnosis of insomnia
Potential confounders
Ethics
Statistical analysis
No headache | Any headache | MA | MO | Other headaches | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants, n | 24,823 | 13,990 | 2139 | 1654 | 10,197 |
Women, n (%) | 12,525 (50.5) | 9203 (65.8) | 1600 (74.8) | 1252 (75.7) | 6351 (62.2) |
Mean age, years (SD) | 56.9 (15.7) | 49.2 (14.2) | 47.0 (12.9) | 45.3 (12.6) | 50.2 (14.6) |
Age ≥ 60 years (%) | 11,280 (45.4) | 3264 (23.3) | 358 (16.7) | 219 (13.2) | 2687 (26.4) |
Employed, n (%) (missing = 17) | 14,450 (58.2) | 10,087 (72.1) | 1570 (73.4) | 1301 (78.7) | 7216 (70.8) |
Current daily smoking, n (%) (missing = 998) | 3590 (14.5) | 2534 (18.1) | 497 (23.2) | 277 (16.7) | 1760 (17.3) |
Mean BMI, kg/m2 (SD) (missing = 120) | 27.2 (4.2) | 27.2 (4.7) | 27.3 (4.8) | 27.1 (5.0) | 27.2 (4.6) |
Total HADS score (missing = 582) | 6.7 (5.0) | 8.3 (5.9) | 9.4 (6.4) | 8.2 (5.9) | 8.1 (5.8) |
Alcohol abstainers during last year, n (%) (missing = 956) | 2215 (8.9) | 1105 (7.9) | 120 (7.3) | 182 (8.5) | 803 (7.9) |
Physical inactivity, n (%) (missing = 615) | 1231 (5.0) | 574 (4.1) | 69 (3.2) | 63 (3.8) | 442 (4.3) |
Self-reported hypertension, n (%) | 6503 (26.2) | 2462 (17.6) | 359 (16.8) | 215 (13.0) | 1888 (18.5) |
Self-reported stroke and/or heart infarction (%) | 1771 (7.1) | 506 (3.6) | 63 (2.9) | 33 (2.0) | 410 (4.0) |
Self-reported diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1326 (5.3) | 466 (3.3) | 60 (2.8) | 34 (2.1) | 372 (3.6) |
Modified DSM-V insomnia, n (%) | 1057 (4.3) | 1631 (11.7) | 362 (16.9) | 235 (14.2) | 1034 (10.1) |
Mean hs-CRP (95% CI) | 2.2 (2.2–2.3) | 2.3 (2.2–2.3) | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | 2.2 (2.1–2.4) | 2.3 (2.2–2.3) |
Results
Prevalence of headache
The association between elevated hs-CRP and headache
Total | High hs-CRP | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
No headache | 24,823 | 5179 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Any headache | 13,990 | 3029 | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) |
< 1 days/month | 3176 | 581 | 1.02 (0.95–1.11) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.97 (0.90–1.08) |
1–6 days/month | 8099 | 1761 | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.99 (0.93–1.07) |
7–14 days/month | 1731 | 425 | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) | 1.21 (1.08–1.37) | 1.15 (1.04–1.30) |
≥ 15 days/month | 984 | 262 | 1.40 (1.21–1.62) | 1.32 (1.13–1.53) | 1.26 (1.08–1.48) |
P trend | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.01 | ||
Migraine | 3793 | 864 | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) |
< 1 days/month | 599 | 115 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.92 (0.82–1.02) |
1–6 days/month | 2340 | 526 | 1.19 (1.07–1.31) | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 1.10 (1.00–1.23) |
7–14 days/month | 625 | 152 | 1.36 (1.12–1.64) | 1.32 (1.09–1.60) | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) |
≥ 15 days/month | 229 | 71 | 1.88 (1.42–2.50) | 1.72 (1.29–2.31) | 1.62 (1.21–2.17) |
P trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | ||
MA | 2139 | 509 | 1.26 (1.13–1.40) | 1.24 (1.11–1.39) | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) |
< 1 days/month | 320 | 65 | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.93 (0.82–1.04) |
1–6 days/month | 1290 | 293 | 1.19 (1.05–1.35) | 1.13 (0.99–1.28) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) |
7–14 days/month | 391 | 105 | 1.56 (1.23–1.96) | 1.51 (1.19–1.91) | 1.40 (1.11–1.77) |
≥ 15 days/month | 138 | 46 | 2.15 (1.50–3.08) | 2.01 (1.39–2.90) | 1.84 (1.27–2.67) |
P trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | ||
MO | 1654 | 355 | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) |
< 1 days/month | 279 | 50 | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) |
1–6 days/month | 1050 | 233 | 1.18 (1.03–1.35) | 1.14 (0.99–1.31) | 1.13 (0.98–1.30) |
7–14 days/month | 234 | 47 | 1.10 (0.79–1.52) | 1.08 (0.77–1.50) | 1.03 (0.74–1.44) |
≥ 15 days/month | 91 | 25 | 1.58 (0.99–2.51) | 1.42 (0.88–2.28) | 1.37 (0.85–2.22) |
P trend | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.23 | ||
Other headaches | 10,197 | 2165 | 1.08 (1.02–1.14) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.04 (0.97–1.10) |
< 1 days/month | 2577 | 534 | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) |
1–6 days/month | 5759 | 1167 | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) |
7–14 days/month | 17,106 | 273 | 1.28 (1.11–1.47) | 1.20 (1.04–1.39) | 1.15 (1.00–1.33) |
≥ 15 days/month | 755 | 191 | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | 1.23 (1.04–1.46) | 1.18 (0.99–1.41) |
P trend | < 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
The influence of insomnia diagnosis
Total | Without insomnia | With insomnia | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | OR (95% CI) | N | OR (95% CI) | ||
No headache | 24,823 | 23,766 | 1.00 | 1057 | 1.00 |
Any headache | 13,990 | 12,359 | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 1631 | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) |
Migraine | 3793 | 3196 | 1.12 (1.02–1.24) | 597 | 0.99 (0.76–1.20) |
MA | 2139 | 1777 | 1.19 (1.06–1.35) | 362 | 0.97 (0.71–1.33) |
MO | 1654 | 1419 | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 235 | 1.02 (0.72–1.45) |
Other headaches | 10,197 | 9163 | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 1034 | 0.77 (0.62–0.96) |